Introduction

Although it is most commonly known for its use in film and literature, the genre is a key concept in many areas of education, particularly in literacy education. The idea of ‘genre’ has complicated origins, owing to its use in other fields. This makes definitions of genre challenging. One of the most common definitions comes from the Australian Sydney School which finds that “genre is a staged, goal-oriented, purposeful activity in which speakers engage as members of our culture” (Martin & Rose, 2007, p. 34). As the first part of the definition suggests, the Sydney School sees genre first and foremost as something people do to get things done, and as such, there is a strong emphasis on the form of genres. Meanwhile, the Rhetorical Genre Studies school originating in America was formed around the following definition of genre as  “typified rhetorical actions based in recurrent” (Miller, 1984, p. 236). In this school, the genre is more about the situation to which one responds, than the response itself, even if that is a matter of relative emphasis, not absolute difference.

Analysis

One of the key ways in which genre is classified is between cognitive and social genres. Social genres are types of text classified according to their social purpose. For example, a novel, a newspaper editorial, and a cookbook are all social genres because we think of them according to their use and their identity as complete texts. Cognitive genres, on the other hand, are defined according to their rhetorical purpose. For instance, one purpose might be to recount a narrative, another to explain a process, or to persuade someone to do something. Whereas social genres are more commonly perceived as single texts, cognitive genres are very often only parts of texts, and any one social genre might contain many cognitive genres.

Application

The most common area of application for these ideas about the genre is in schools. Whereas school children were once taught about social genres alone, they are now routinely taught about cognitive genres. Literacy teachers of all levels teach students to recognize how texts achieve their purposes. Primary teachers teach students to read by asking them questions about the text, such as “is the purpose of this text to inform, entertain, or persuade?”. Literacy teachers help students to master these skills, building from simple and familiar, such as instructions, to complex and unfamiliar, such as forms of persuasion. The instructors guide students in understanding larger social forms of reading and writing. High school teachers use scientific reports, for example, to build on students’ knowledge of hypothesizing, process explanations, narrative recounts, and summarizing.

Local example

One area in the UAE where the concept of genre has become important in the past 10 years is in higher education. As universities began to close Academic Bridge Programs in the UAE, academic literacy professors have increasingly turned to raise genre awareness to teach local high school leavers the kinds of language skills that will enable students to be successful in their academic careers. This has meant teaching students to recognize different kinds of genres, and to ask the kinds of questions that will enable them to successfully deal with the new genres they meet in their studies at university. At Zayed University, this course is called Academic Language and Literacies and it has helped over 1000 students since its inception in 2019 (Institutional Data, 2021).

Reference list

Institutional Data. (2021, 11 July). Institutional Data. Zayed University. https://zayeduniversity.ac.ae/institutional-data/course-demographics-A-L-L

Martin, J. R., & Rose, D. (2007). Working with Discourse: Meaning Beyond the Clause (Open Linguistics (Paperback)) (2nd ed.). Continuum.

Miller, C. R. (1984). Genre as social action. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70(2), 151–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335638409383686

 
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2022-07-25 05:35:01

Cultural Environment Analysis of Japan

It is well said, having a great place to work makes the difference between running a good company and a great company.  Every country has its own set of beliefs, attitudes, customs, and ways of life that directly relates to what things they buy and how they spend their money.  So, Assessment of the cultural environment has become an essential step in pre-marketing research.

Hall’s framework

Edward Twitchell Hall (1914 – 2009) published a book (Proxemic Research 1974) In contrast to other famous cultural environment researchers like Hofstede and Trompenaars, and explain his theory successfully. He defies the four cultural dimensions which are 1) context, 2) time, 3) Speed of Information, And 4) space also known as Proxemics. Context, Halls most of the cultural dimensions relate to the communication style. According to HALL, High context culture gives more priority to personal long-term relationships whereas low-context culture causes short-term relationships (Hall, 1974).  Japan is ranked as a high-context culture. They give value to harmony, traditions, and slowly adapt to changes and develop strong bonds among groups (Frost 2013). They are also non-committal, and their conversation style is of high context. Japanese communication is digressive, modest as well as polite with the use of fewer words (Nishimura et al. 2008).

Trompenaars’ framework.

Fons Trompenaars (born 1952) is a management trainer in the area of intercultural communication. He has issued many books about culture and business.  In his book “Riding the Waves of Culture 1932”, he identified seven dimensions of culture which are Universalism versus Particularism, Individualism versus Communitarianism, Neutral versus Affective, Achievement versus Ascription, Specific versus Diffuse, Internal versus External control, and Sequential versus Synchronic.  Universalism vs particulars: in Trompenaars’ framework factor universalism’ vs ‘particularism represents the degree of value of relationships.  Japanese follow particularism in their response as well as codify the relation between people within the circumstances (Mindtools 1996-2016A). Neutral Vs Emotional: According to Trompenaars Neutral vs, Emotional dimension refers to the degree to which members of society freely display their feelings and thoughts in a deal. Japanese fall under the category of neutral culture as they are free to express their feelings spontaneously and positive use of body language and attitude is welcomed and accepted. (Mindtools 1996-2016A). Internal Direction Vs Outer direction concerns an individual’s response toward nature (Seven Dimensions 2005-2016).  Japanese have an outer-directed culture. They live in harmony with their environment preferring the comfortable of altars and changes in the environment (Bihjelpen, 2015). Sequential time vs Synchronous time refers to the degree to which a member gives importance to time for a particular work (Seven Dimensions 2005-2016).  Japanese synchronize the time. They have multiple projects running at a time considering the flexibility of time (Mindtools 1996-2016 A).

Challenges for American Investors Posed by Cultural Environment

In recent years, the importance of the paradigm of culture in business cannot be declined. The diverse environmental cultures have influenced investment. On the other side, there are also a few concerns causing challenges for American investors such as failure to communicate adequately because of the language barrier.  In the same regard, understanding Etiquette in the workplace, for example, direct eye contact may differently mean and impact. it may be a problem in understating how to be addressed by the title, first name basis, or surname.

Opportunities for American Investors Posed by Cultural Environment

Along with challenges, Diversity in cultures also creates more betters experiences in business such as the elements of curiosity; Curiosity creates investment as a balance exists between the role of curiosity as a motivational force in Diverse cultures. On the other side, the Japanese follow particularism in their response as well as codify the relation between people within the circumstances. Also, support for transnational collaboration projects for developing the living standards of people is another opportunity for investors.

Recommendation

Failure to communicate adequately because of the language barrier found a big challenge for the American investor. This challenge can be overcome by using the context culture dimension from Hall’s framework.  Japanese conversation style is of high context. Japanese communication is humble and polite with the use of fewer words (Nishimura et al. 2008). So, by keeping in mind these facts investors can prevail over the issue.

The challenges of understanding Etiquette in the workplace can be overcome by using the Fons Trompenaars’ Internal Direction Vs Outer direction culture dimension. It is found that the Japanese have an outer-directed culture. They live in harmony with their environment preferring the comfortable of alters and changes in the environment (Bihjelpen, 2015). So, by working on Trompenaars’ Internal Direction Vs Outer direction culture dimension, investors can get a better of the challenges of understanding Etiquette in the workplace.

REFERENCE

Bihjelpen 2015, Fons Trompenaars,http://bihjelpen.blogg.no/1447366929_fons_trompenaars.html

Changing Minds 2002-2016, Hall’s cultural factors,http://changingminds.org/explanations/culture/hall_culture.htm.

Mindtools 1996-2016 A, The Seven Dimensions of Culture, https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/seven-dimensions.htm.

Hall, E., 1974. Handbook for proxemic research. Washington: Soc. for the anthropology of visual communication.

Keiko, M., 2015. Use of ‘noda’ in polite conversation : Focusing on the use among Koreans learning Japanese and Japanese native speakers. The Japanese Language Association Of Korea, 46, p.17.

 
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2022-07-26 05:40:04

Introduction

Culture plays a major role in any society. Every country has its own cultural values, and norms, which could be considered its most costly asset and sometimes become the reason behind its identity. In simple words, culture is a system or the way we see and do things as a society and an important part of the way we experience life. (Culture and Society | Boundless Sociology, 2021). The aim of this essay is to compare and contrast the culture of Pakistan and Canada which can be done by focusing on three main parts of the discussion: The daily lifestyles, festivals, and historical places of both countries.

Discussion

Pakistani culture represents the sub-continent and Islamic culture. In Pakistan, people used to celebrate different festivals according to Islamic culture which is because of religious influence as 98% of the population of Pakistan is Muslim (Enoote,21).  Pakistani culture has festivals such as Eid, Shabraat, and Qurbani which are pure Islamic values. On the contrary, Canadian culture has been influenced by European culture and traditions, mostly by the British and French. In contrast to Pakistani culture, Canadian culture seems diverse that represents cowboy hoe-down to sophisticated cultural events (Toolstoy, 2021). For example, Canadian festivals such as Vancouver, the Calgary Stampede, Edmonton Folk Festival. So, the reason behind dissimilarities is the different cultural backgrounds these two countries have, as Pakistani culture is embedded with Islam values whereas the Canadian carries the liberal stuff influenced by the British and French.

The next discussion part which can help in comparing the culture of Pakistan and Canada is the historical places of both countries. Historical places have a soul and this soul always has a great impact on the culture of that country.  We can find a variety of historical places that signify the unique traditions and culture of Pakistan. Harappa, Mohenjo- Daro, and Taxila are the most renowned historical places of Pakistan which are historical because of their precious history. For example, Harappa has been recognized with the Indus Valley Civilization which is considered the most developed Civilization in the old Bronze Age. On the other side, historical places of Canada are some of the most impressive natural wonders in the world such as Fort Garry Hotel, Dawson, Yukon Territory, Fortifications of Québec (Chorney-Booth, 2021).  So, what makes both countries different, is the reason because of how historical they are. Pakistani historical places are more known for their old being whereas Canada has places that are natural wonders.

Conclusion

In this essay, I have compared and contrasted the countries of Pakistan and Canada by analyzing their differences and similarities in festivals, and historical places. Finally, we find out that Pakistani culture is traditional and conservative, on the contrary, Canadian culture is liberal. In Pakistan, people celebrate festivals according to Islamic culture whereas Canadian culture is diverse (Chorney-Booth, 2021). the cultures of Canada and Pakistan are different from each other and these differences make both countries’ cultures great and unique. This topic has appealed to me that there should be a compression between these two countries on lifestyles of the people.

References

Toalstoy, S., 2021. Why Is Culture so Important to Society? [online] Reference.com. Available at: <https://www.reference.com/world-view/culture-important-society-2f69d99fe0698d43> [Accessed 3 April 2021].

Courses.lumenlearning.com. 2021. Culture and Society | Boundless Sociology. [online] Available at: <https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/culture-and-society/> [Accessed 3 April 2021].

Chorney-Booth, E., 2021. These are Canada’s most beautiful natural wonders. [online] MSN. Available at: <https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/tripideas/these-are-canada-s-most-beautiful-natural-wonders/ss-BB1cf9pn> [Accessed 3 April 2021].

 
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2022-07-27 06:07:14

Introduction

If someone asks a kid about the worst thing, a kid will say the homework because it is too hard to do, and if someone asks about the worth thing, a kid will say a game because it’s too easy.   How video games can make us better or worse, and how they change people, are important questions to ask. You may know the video game industry has surpassed the movie industry in revenue multiple times in the past (Gentile, 2009). This essay will compare Singapore and the USA on the use of video game technology and its effects on students by discussing the three-argument of discussion: parents’ rules on the effect of video games, the impact on mental health, and how the video games genre can have different effects on students’ social life.

Comparison

Parents’ rules on the effect of video games

Parents’ rules on the effect of video games matter because video gaming is one of the most time-consuming activities and it might leave a negative impact. In both countries, kids were allowed to play video games after weekends, after homework, or when friends came over. Apart from this, in both countries, parents have a sense about the standard of the game such as what types of games they should be allowed their child to play. For example, some parents allow their children to buy specific games with specific age ratings. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, the maximum time allotted should be under 30 to 60 minutes per day which proves the parents’ rules on the effect of video games matter.

Effect on the situation and mental health of children

Video games may leave a clear effect on the situation and mental health of children, both, in either negative or positive ways. According to a study in the USA, 60% of teenagers play video games to get away from their problems. For example, when someone feels depressed video games can help to relieve their stress. In the same way, many video game players confess that they play video games for minds refreshing by video gaming. For instance, sometimes taking a break from schoolwork can refresh your mind. However, it can also waste a lot of time, such as some students taking a break from schoolwork to refresh their minds. Gentile and his colleagues have suggested that there are at least five dimensions along which video games can have effects: content, amount, mechanics, context, and structure, each of which is likely to have specific effects. So, mental health could be affected positively or negatively because of video games in both countries.

Effects on students’ social life

Video game genres can have different effects on students’ social life.  It was found that prosocial video games promote a prosocial lifestyle in both countries, such as video games that require cooperation with other people have helped to improve social life, on the other side, the students who play violent video games have been caught promoting a violent lifestyle in the society of both countries. For example, video games that require people to kill each other might affect students’ personalities. Apart from the prosocial video games and violent video games, solo games also have different effects on students’ social life as introverted students prefer playing alone as they are anti-social in both countries, so the results were very similar for the two countries.

Conclusion 

This essay is a comparison between Singapore and the USA in the use of video game technology and its effect on students by emphasizing parents’ rules, its impact on the situation and mental health, and different effects on students’ social life. The results were similar for both countries as surveys were conducted for school students around the same age. Although playing video games can result in negative outcomes, there are also positive outcomes. Parents setting rules for their children can help reduce some of the negative effects. Also, Video games can be a way for teenagers to forget about their problems. Lastly, the genre of the video game can also affect teenagers, as prosocial video games lead to a prosocial lifestyle. Some views portray that technology has great evil effects on our society, however, statistics have also proved its pros in different ways as we have discussed above in the USA and Singaporean culture.

Reference

Gentile, D. (2009, May 1). Pathological Video-Game Use Among Youth Ages 8 to 18. Retrieved from https://journals-sagepub-com.zulib.idm.oclc.org/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02340.x

Gentile, D. (2009, June 1). The Effects of Prosocial Video Games on Prosocial Behaviors: International Evidence From Correlational, Longitudinal, and Experimental Studies. Retrieved from https://journals-sagepub-com.zulib.idm.oclc.org/doi/pdf/10.1177/0146167209333045

 
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2022-07-28 06:11:52

Introduction

A step towards the understanding of language and print literacy is the early keystone for any child. There is a need to understand the concept of language and how the language development process starts in the mind of a child. Language is an organized system of human communication based on words, structurally organized to convey or deliver a message (Language, 2021). Humans have evolved over time, same as the language system also has evolved according to the needs of a particular community. In the development of the language, print literacy has played a critical role. Understanding print literacy involves knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, reading, and writing skills of that language. Both are interconnected in one way or another so it is important to understand print in order to comprehend the language (Bruke,1997).

In this essay, we will discuss the typical patterns of child development in language and early print literacy along with the concept of oral language, phonological and phonemic awareness, graphic-phonic decoding, and language comprehension that help children in better development of the language.

Discussion

Role of oral language in print literacy

Oral language is a system of spoken communication and the foundation of literacy and numeracy through which we use spoken words and vocabulary to express our knowledge and understand the language better (Phonological and Phonemic Awareness: Introduction, 2021). Oral language plays a pivotal role in the fluent reading of the print. Reading independently, at a reasonable rate, and understanding what is written. Children develop oral language skills by listening however there are some children with poorly developed oral language skills when they come to school. Schools ensure children’s assistance to help improve their oral language skills. There is no quick fix for spoken language skills. In fact, it is an ongoing and long-term process (Language Comprehension, Encyclopedia.com, 2021). This oral language directly relates to print literacy, for example, if the child has heard a word before and understands its meaning, he is more likely to be able to read that word. That is why oral language skill has a strong relationship with the reading comprehension of print (Bruke,1997: 254-264).

Importance of phonological awareness in print literacy

Phonological awareness is basically understanding the sound system of language. Phonological awareness is the ability to understand the spoken parts of words and sentences (Phonological and Phonemic Awareness: Introduction, 2021). It involves understanding rhymes, alliteration between words, understanding the syllables, and segmenting sentences into words. When kids understand words, teachers help them form sentences from words and segment sentences to understand the meaning. For example, the teacher would make students clap word by word like I (clap) like (clap) banana (clap). So, in this way kids can learn segmenting, and when they learn that they can learn to identify syllables in the words like an elephant (3 syllables), children (2 syllables) and after identifying the syllables they can pronounce these words. Before the kids are taken to the next step, they need to develop the auditory skills to identify and process the words in their minds and express them orally. If we take print literacy as a building, then phonological awareness is one of the building blocks of that. Phonemic awareness, graphic-phonic decoding, and language comprehension are the further building blocks of the main building we call “print literacy”. Phonological skills are built over time and pivotal to decoding and spelling the printed words and in the long run, these skills result in successful print literary development (Oxbridge,2021).

Phonemic awareness could be described as the most sophisticated part of phonological awareness as phonemic awareness is the skill to understand sounds called phonemes in spoken words. This involves segmenting the words into sounds and combining different sounds to form words. Different methodologies can be used to help kids understand phonemes better. Lego blocks can be used, and kids will enjoy and learn to play with different sounds by arranging blocks differently. Phonemic awareness helps the kids’ difference between letters and sounds. Some kids lack the ability to mix different sounds but know the letter sounds, which means the kids are facing the problem of phonological awareness (Bruke,1997). Teachers need to interact with the kids to help them differentiate between letters and sounds clear. Phonemic Awareness is important in students’ print literacy development in the early years of schooling because under this skill a reader notices how letters represent sounds which give readers a way to approach sounding out and reading new words ( Bruke,1997).

Grapho-phonic in print literacy

Grapho-phonic is the art of establishing a relation between letters-words and sound words. This involves the use of grapho-phonic cues and helps to read and understand words by connecting speech sounds with letters and letter patterns (Phonological and Phonemic Awareness: Introduction, 2021). The use of grapho-phonic cues to learn words is called grapho-phonic decoding. Grapho-phonic decoding is the next step in the learning process for the kids. When the kids have attained a satisfactory level of phonological skills they are introduced to phonics (Language Comprehension, Encyclopedia.com, 2021). The first step of phonics is decoding, which is crucial to the whole grapho-phonics process. Kids learn to decode letters and sounds and form words ( Bruke,1997). This helps them build a letter-sound or sound-word relationship and recognize unknown words using this sound-letter relationship. Decoding helps kids understand new words and results in increased vocabulary. In contrast, if they are only taught sight word recognition it will not do any good to the students because it will be short term and the kids would not be able to understand and explore new and different words (Phonological and Phonemic Awareness: Introduction, 2021). Decoding words also helps them build sight word memory and learn the words more efficiently. Grapho-phonic decoding provides the necessary knowledge of sound letters and knowledge of letter patterns which help the kid to understand the written print. Many pieces of research have proved the importance of decoding for successful reading as grapho-phonic decoding lets kids explore new words by establishing connections between letters-words and sounds-words which ease children in Language comprehensive and Print Literacy development (Bruke,1997: 254-264).

Language comprehension and Print Literacy

Once the kids have learned all the above techniques it automatically moves forward to the next step which is language comprehension. Language comprehension is development in print literacy (understanding the meaning of the written text) and oral language. Particularly, it describes the ability of the student to derive the meaning from the written print. For a better understanding of the print, it is necessary to have language comprehension. If kids lack a comprehensive understanding of the language, very probably they would not be able to gain the meaning of the written text.

 Language comprehension involves developing connections and relations between words to get meaning. Comprehension of spoken and written language is correlated with the ability of the kids to understand words, phrase meanings, and grammar. To understand what is written in the print, it is imperative to have background knowledge, knowledge of vocabulary, and sentence structure which is altogether called language comprehension. If the kid does not know sentence structure or doesn’t have enough background knowledge, he wouldn’t be able to understand the meaning of the sentence completely (Brule,2008). As the kids learn more new and complex words, they become more fluent in reading and understanding the meaning of the context. Apart from fluency, the rate at which they read also increases with the fulfillment of language comprehensiveness which leads to a better understanding of the print.

So, comprehension of the language is the key to reading fluently and it develops over a long-time in a child beginning right after birth and then throughout the lifetime. Before going to school kids learn from their parents and their surroundings. Kids listen to everything and process the information in their minds . This circle of learning language literacy starts from a spoken language which the kid learns from his environment, whichever language is being spoken in his environment he will develop oral skills of that language and this oral language skill will improve with time with a better understanding of spoken words. And kids will process this information to understand more and more words. This skill helps in the next step of language literacy which is phonological awareness. If a kid has developed strong oral language skills, he will be able to understand what is written in the text once he knows how to read. 

All the above-discussed techniques are interconnected with each other. For example, if the kid has oral language skills but lacks phonological understanding, he is going to struggle in that area and will face difficulty in understanding the words and processing them to comprehend the meaning of the text (Phonological and Phonemic ( Ahmad, 2021). So, we need to take kids through a step-by-step process where we introduce them to new domains of language at the time suitable for them. By doing this, they will understand better and much more effectively. When the kid has developed language and phonological awareness, they are to be introduced to phonics and decoding. Kids will learn to read and understand words through graphic decoding that correlates with their previous knowledge of phonemes and oral language (Perte, 2016). In this way, they will be able to comprehend better what is written in the text and all of this will result in print literacy of the kids in a step-by-step process.

Conclusion

To sum up; Discussed typical patterns and skills directly contribute to a child’s print literacy and language development. Oral language, phonological and phonemic awareness, phonic decoding, and language comprehension are essential components in learning the language and early print literacy. They are the building blocks of language literacy and all these skills are to be understood and developed in the kids to develop language and print literacy(John,2015). If they lack in one or more, they would not be able to understand and comprehend the language. The main idea of this is to develop language comprehension and fluent reading in the kids. If the kid has developed these skills, he will be able to better comprehend language and read the print.

Reference

Oxbridge Essays. 2021. Oxbridge Essays | Essay writing services from professional academics. [online] Available at: <https://www.oxbridgeessays.com/> [Accessed 15 April 2021].

Bruke, D. “Language, Aging, and Inhibitory Deficits: Evaluation of a Theory. “Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 52B (1997): 254-264

Encyclopedia.com. 2021. Language Comprehension | Encyclopedia.com. [online] Available at: <https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/language-comprehension> [Accessed 15 April 2021].

Reading Rockets. 2021. Phonological and Phonemic Awareness: Introduction. [online] Available at: <https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading101-course/modules/phonological-and-phonemic-awareness-introduction> [Accessed 15 April 2021].

Understood.org. 2021. What is phonological awareness? [online] Available at: <https://www.understood.org/en/learning-thinking-differences/child-learning-disabilities/reading-issues/phonological-awareness-what-it-is-and-how-it-works> [Accessed 15 April 2021].

Abstract 

This psychoanalytical study is the study of the novel “The Comeback” written by Ella Berman in 2020. Frued (1950) proclaims that Psychoanalysis theory deals with the specific premises of the workings of the mind. Most of the novel’s chapters deal with Grace’s character, who is exploited and manipulated at the age of fourteen by The Hollywood director, Able Yorke. She seems to have fame and a reputation as a superstar but on the inside, she is broken and living a miserable life because of the traumatic experiences of sexual abuse. She becomes addicted to alcohol and other drugs. Freud (1896) names this situation the effect of trauma. This dissertation provides the understanding of Trauma theory through the character of the protagonist of the novel The Comeback, and it also presents the execution of the psychoanalysis theory by exploring the unknown and hidden perspectives of Grace’s character. This research highlights how childhood sexual abuse impacts the development of Grace’s character, and how sexual abuse leads to her Abnormal behavior.

It is a very common observation that the human mind tends to retain some memories even if they are bad or good, any experience which leaves an impact on a person’s life stays in the memory. That particular experience becomes eternalized in the memory of that person. Although the event that happened once, does not go on happening again and again, the memory of the traumatized victim, becomes eternal. It happens again and again and always leaves the person in the same agonized state in which he/she was left when encountered with that very experience for the first time. There are times when a sudden outburst, a certain event, or even the slightest idea can lead to the disorientation of thoughts and activities, just because the person feels that he is experiencing the same event again, only that he is not and it is just his memory of the circumstance which makes him feel like this.

   Introduction

As camera introduces us to invisible optics as does psychoanalysis to unconscious impulses. The theory of psychoanalysis is the most imposing theory we have in the post-war period.  It was birthed by the Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud in the 1950s, who provided a radically new approach to the analysis and treatment of ‘abnormal’, sexual, and traumas’ behavior. It deals with the dynamics of the workings of the mind and focuses on the state of mind of the author or the state of mind of characters created by the author. The closest connection between literature and psychoanalysis has always been located in literary theory. Among these literary theories to literature, psychoanalysis is one of the modern theories that are used in English literature.  Caruth (1996) explained the relationship between literature and psychoanalysis as

“If Freud turns to literature to describe the traumatic experience, it is because literature

itself is interested in the complex relationship between knowing and not knowing, and it is at this specific point at which knowing and not knowing to intersect that the psychoanalytic theory of

traumatic experience and the language of literature meet.” (Caruth 1996)

 It is regarded as a theory of behavior organization and the dynamics of the mind.  Despite that, psychoanalysis study is considered a fascinating lens and constructive approach in the application of interpretative analysis of any text. This dissertation details the psychoanalytical study of the novel “The Comeback” penned by Ella Berman in 2020.

Grace is the protagonist of the novel.  The whole story revolves around her.  she is a young actress who becomes a victim of sexual abuse at the age of fourteen.  Hollywood director, Able Yorke takes her to America and introduces her to the Hollywood industry.  She becomes a

Hollywood star of a wildly successful film series, but all decisions about her life are in the hands of a controlling and manipulative director, Able Yorke. Grace depends on him, so he manipulates and exploits her to the maximum.  Although, she seems to have fame and a reputation as a superstar. However, this was only one side of the coin, but behind that public facade, Grace was raped by the same person, Able Yorke, who makes her a superstar in the industry.  Because of this trauma, she becomes addicted to alcohol and drugs so that she can escape from her miserable life.

  One day, on the cusp of awards season, she completely disappears from the public eye. She spends years quietly. She has a complicated relationship with everyone. She lost the connection with her parents, sister, and husband, whom she holds up as a saint. Grace returns to Los Angeles after a year, and she struggles with her future. She tries hard to repair her relationships with her loved ones and studio executives alike. Unfortunately, she observes the same situation-those who run Hollywood, like Yorke, are still in power, and still exploiting that power to take advantage of young stars. 

This psychoanalytical study discusses the mechanisms to find out the hidden meaning of a literary text of the novel “The Comeback” particularly with the character of Grace. It also helps us to understand, the execution of the trauma theory such as: how childhood sexual abuse trauma impacts the development of Grace’s character and how leads it to her Abnormal

behavior.

Objectives

The main objectives of this dissertation are

1. To study the impact of childhood sexual abuse on the development of Grace’s character
2. To study how sexual abuse causes abnormal behavior of the protagonist 

Literature Review

The psychoanalysis theory is one of the most consuming modern theories used in literary analysis of the different genres.  Despite this, psychoanalysis has a close connection with literature or not, it has become one of the most interesting mechanisms for interpreting the hidden meaning of the text. Psychoanalysis is not simply a branch of medicine, but also it is used to understand various fields such as philosophy, culture, religion, and first and for most use in literature. So, significant numbers of studies can be found where researchers applied psychoanalysis theory to different texts.

Khotimah (2004) in his thesis “psychoanalysis of Native Son (1940)” discusses Bigger’s

Character utilizing psychoanalysis theory which includes Freud’s psychoanalysis and the Motivation theory of Human behavior by Fryer and Morgan and King. The thesis attempts to uncover every psychological aspect of Bigger’s character through his behavior. This dissertation has a similar approach especially in psychoanalysis theory, although the object of the analysis is different.

Maupassant in his short story “TheNecklace” (1888) has been analyzed several times as a psychoanalytical study by different researchers.  On J Stor, several articles have been published where different researcher prepares psychoanalytical study of the short story The Necklace. Bement in his article (2011) who offers an interpretation of Maupassant’s development of the plot of The Necklace, believing that he may have considered the implications of both greed and innocence to form his story.  He comments upon the surprise ending in The Necklace and its correlation to psychological realism and relates with psychoanalysis theory.  O’Faolain in his article (2013) in which he asserts that the cleverness of The Necklace lies not in the surprise ending but its realistic portrayal of human relationships and society.  He said the shock ending of The Necklace is the highlight of the story, condemning Maupassant’s portrayal of relationships as vague and unconvincing and his plot as improbable.  In finding, all these articles’ authors implement psychoanalysis theory on “The Necklace”.

Anumpa (2016) in his article on ” Cry the Peacock” portrays the psychic tumult of a young and sensitive married girl Maya who is haunted by a childhood prophecy of a fatal disaster. She is the daughter of a rich advocate in Lucknow. Being alone in the family, her mother being dead and brother having gone to America to carve his independent destiny, she gets the most of her father’s affection and attention and in her moments of affliction exclaims to herself: “No one, no one else, loves me as my father does”. The excessive love Maya gets from her father makes her have a lop-sided view of life. She feels the world to be a toy made especially for her, painted in her favorite colors and set moving according to her tunes.  On the other side, according to Ayub (2018) ” Cry the Peacock (1963) “is about Neurosis and its impact on human personality that have engaged the attention of both psychologists and creative writers. By following the impact of Freud and with the development of various psychological theories in the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries, he examines how Maya, the protagonist of Anita

Desai’s Cry, The Peacock is forced into a psychotic state on account of an incompatible and unsympathetic marital relationship

Anthony (1956) claimed that D.H. Lawrence’s novel “Sons and Lovers “gives grounds for a psychoanalytic interpretation.  The protagonist of the novel reexamined his relationship with his mother and her psychological effect on his sexuality which relates to one of Freud’s most famous theories known as the Oedipus Complex (1899).  According to Ramos, the work of

D. H. Lawrence provides evidence of personality development of Oedipal conflict and the pre-

Oedipal establishment of a sense of self. In the same regard, Jones (1922) in “A Psycho-

Analytic Study of Hamlet” argues (1922) that William Shakespeare’s tragic hero, Hamlet, suffers from an Oedipus Complex one of Freud’s theories the idea that a male character is driven by unconscious desires to kill his father and marry his mother.  

Sarge (2019) Applied Psychoanalytic Theory to Macbeth. He suggests that the dynamic character that is Macbeth all parts of Freud’s psyche surface while choice characters such as

Lady Macbeth and King Duncan largely represent one psyche personality. Correspondingly, Levine (2020) stated that the power of psychological suggestion motivates Macbeth to act on his repressed desires. They are the contrasting counterparts Id and Superego, which are the most imposing concept of Freud in psychoanalysis theory.

Apart from the above particular research, a significant number of researches have been conducted to identify research articles, investigating the correlation between sexual abuse and its aftereffects.  Many studies also examined multiple or single incidents of abuse and both childhood and adult victimization. 

Research Question

• How do childhood sexual abuse and its aftereffects impact the development of Grace’s character?
• To what extent does the sexual abuse of the protagonist show her abnormal behavior?

Theoretical Framework

Numerous theories deal with mind and behavior; however, the most known theory is psychoanalysis theory.   It was developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Austrian Neurologist Sigmund Freud who provided a radically new approach to the analysis and treatment of ‘abnormal’, sexual, and any kind of traumas’ behavior.  Before this, critics ignore the behavioral errors and look for a physiological explanation of ‘abnormality,’ however, with the introduction of Freudian theories, critics recognized that abnormal behavior is not meaningless but always happens because of an intense cause, and Freud named its trauma. 

Detail description is found on the unconscious mind by Freud.  He defines the unconscious as the part of the mind that lies outside the somewhat vague and porous boundaries of consciousness.  He also relates unconsciousness to the Laws of transformation. These principles govern the process of repression Psychoanalytic Theory used in English Literature:   the unconscious works as the theoretical function of making the relation between adult behavior intelligible and childhood experience. 

Freud proposed three structures of the psyche or personality.  Id refers to a selfish, primitive, childish pleasure-oriented part of the personality with no ability to delay gratification.

Whereas Super Ego refers to internalized societal and parental standards of ‘good’ and ‘bad’, ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ behavior’, and Ego refers to the moderator between the Id and Super-Ego which seeks compromises to pacify both. It is not clear what would count as evidence sufficient to confirm or refute theoretical claims. The theory is based on an inadequate conceptualization of the experience of women.  The theory overemphasizes the role of sexuality causes in human psychological development that leads to trauma. 

According to Judith Herman (I992), trauma theory has provided a framework for understanding how individuals process devastating experiences. Psychological trauma is an affliction of the powerless. At the moment of trauma, the victim is rendered helpless by overwhelming force. Traumatic events overwhelm the ordinary systems of care that give people a sense of control, connection, and meaning. Traumatic events are extraordinary, not because they occur rarely, but rather because they overwhelm the ordinary human adaptations to life. According to the Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, the common denominator of psychological trauma is a feeling of “intense fear, helplessness, loss of control, and the threat of annihilation.” 

Traumatic events shatter our basic assumptions that we will be safe, that we are good people, that our future relations would not do anything to harm us. Trauma-reactions are psychophysiological responses to the overwhelming events that the individual cannot integrate (Herman, 1992). Sexual abuse cannot be assimilated with our sense of self in the world. The dissociative process plays an important role in this regard. Braun (1990) describes it as follows: Dissociating is to sever the association of one thing from another. In psychiatry, dissociation is a defensive process that can intercede between affective states and thoughts to separate them from the mainstream of consciousness, between parts of behavioral chains, or between effects, behaviors, and thoughts. Dissociation may affect or distort the input level of perception.

Another important aspect of the traumatic response is hyperarousal. This includes startle reactions, irritability, hypervigilance, and difficulty with modulating the intensity of the effect. “After a traumatic experience, the human system of self-preservation seems to go on to permanent alert, as if the danger might return at any moment. Physiological arousal continues unabated” (Herman, 1992). It is believed that this hyperarousal is physiological as well as psychological in nature. There is evidence that trauma causes lasting biochemical and neuroanatomical changes (Greenberg, 1998).

The Comeback belongs to the psychological genre. Psychoanalysis and trauma theory have been used as a theoretical framework for the research. The comeback is a psychological novel, in which the thoughts, feelings, and motivations of Grace and other characters have greater interest than their external action or words. There are clear pieces of evidence that the internal states of Grace’s character and the emotional reactions lead to her abnormal behavior.

So, the novel I have chosen entirely fits the psychoanalysis theory.

Characterization

This psychoanalysis study starts with the abstract which summarizes the major aspects of the entire dissertation in a prescribed sequence that included: the overall purpose of the study, the research problem, and at the end major theory of the paper. The second heading is the heading of the introduction, which contains five Steps. the first step has Introduced the topic and defined theories.  Then background and introduction of the novel. After this, there is the research problem and objectives of the dissertation. The next heading is about literature review which provides a description and comprehensive summary of each source.  After the literature review, chapter one starts which deals with the research question, how sexual abuse impacts the development of the character of Grace, where I have provided bulk evidence from the novel’s text to support ideas. The backup text gives the idea of the negative impact of the sexual abuse Grace experienced in the novel. It is justified that Grace is a disturbing character who was manipulated, exploited, and the victim of sexual abuse starting at the age of fourteen.  Chapter 1 leads to chapter 2, in which I have talked about the abnormal actions of Grace. Chapter 2 is backed up with the evidence from the text of the novel. Chapter 2 talks about the character of Grace, who is not easy to understand.  She is trying not only to cope with all that has been taken away from her but also what has been done to her. Lastly, there is the conclusion which provides a summary of the whole study.

Childhood sexual abuse impacts the victim in the adult age.  Childhood is the age of learning and developing character where a child learns to understand the meaning of being protected. According to Herman, (1992) having stability and a childhood healthy environment allow you to form solid and safe relationships later in life, however, this is the ideal definition of an experience of childhood. In the reality, we have many children who experience sexual abuse and harassment in their childhood.  As the character of Grace symbolizes one of them who faces trauma, she has experienced sexual abuse and harassment in her childhood which impact the development of her character.  Grace is a disturbing character who was controlled and exploited while working in Hollywood by her director.  This exploitation Impacts the development of Grace’s character.  

The very abnormal decision she makes is when she has the fame of her career, she disappears from the public eye.  The trauma of all events impacts the development of Grace’s character. Trauma theory has also helped to recognize the fact that women are more prone to get affected by traumas and develop psychiatric reactions to them as compared to men. This claim has been justified by a history of feminist concerns of oppression, gaslighting, and lack of acceptance. Trauma theory has created a language that has been effective for the interpretation of reactions due to abuse such as nightmares and traumatic flashbacks which was previously not acknowledged as having psychological implications. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was also included in the list of psychological disorders as a result of the expansion of trauma theory.

This is now being incorporated in feminist literature as in Grace’s character.

“On the day of the Independent Film Awards, I wake in the middle of the night sweating, my pillow soaked. I dreamed Able was in the room with me while I slept, but I couldn’t move or call out because his hands were around my neck, pinning me down all over again. I reach for my painkillers before remembering I left them at Laurel’s. after that, I sob into my pillow until I can hardly breathe, while the sky lightens around me. I don’t know how to be normal, how to stop him from being able to reach me. “(The Comeback, Berman,2020). 

Because of sexual abuse and its impact on her life, she starts using alcohol and drugs. she has complex character development as she has a complicated relationship with everyone and everything: these are the aftereffect of sexual abuse. The feeling is primitive, raw, unlike anything she has ever felt before. She is up again and running into the icy water as thick raindrops continue falling from the sky. Able Yorke’s manipulation gets more worst as the only person she had in the world is Able, In the start, he was only emotionally abusive. But with time,

Able’s motives become more sexual.  She wants to get rid of this life but she couldn’t because she is controlled by Able psychologically as well as physically, and that controlled life provides a sketch how she is reacting towards people and things after that incident of sexual abuse.

        “I have spent years trying to work out what I could have done differently, or maybe what my parents could have done differently. I should have told someone after the first time he made me touch him, or when he told me I was mentally unstable for the hundredth time. Maybe I shouldn’t have waited until every part of my life was already destroyed before I tried to kill myself. Maybe

I shouldn’t have worked so hard to become, as I was told just this morning, such an unreliable witness. But it was never really up to me, was it?” (The Comeback, Berman,2020).

She has a miserable life in Hollywood, as Able York abuses her mentally as well as physically.

In the start, Grace praises Able and considers him a good person.  But after a year, when Grace meets Able, she is terrified and seems to have developed a complex personality disorder. Borderline personality disorder has also been identified as a mental disorder that is the result of chronic child abuse (Herman, 1992). That has led to the reinterpretation and progress in the development of understanding of generalized female hysterical conditions. 

“Why are you so scared of everything?” Esme asks, looking at me as if I’m a stranger. Every emotion I am feeling is reflected in such excruciating detail on her face that I have to turn away. “You know that I didn’t ask for you to follow me around, right? I have never invited you over, not even once. I don’t know how to help you and I can’t tell you that everything works out in the end, because it doesn’t, and the truth is that you will never get what you want, because, by the time you do, you won’t want it anymore. That’s the secret of the fucking universe that nobody wants to admit to themselves. Do you feel better for knowing it?” She takes a step back, leaving me and Able staring at each other. Each synapse in my body is firing, screaming at me to get away from him, but I force myself to step toward him instead because Emilia is watching and I don’t want her to see how scared I am. I kiss Able stiffly on the cheek, and his golden skin is still papery and rough up close, just like it is in my nightmares.” (The Comeback, Berman 2020).

Her poor and pathetic connection with her parents, and with her sister, she was too young when she left home shows the weakness of her character development. On the other side, When Grace returns to Los Angeles after a year, she struggles with her future, which again symbolizes the negative impact of sexual abuse on her development of a character.  

“I was untouchable, unstoppable, hurtling down a path to immortality so rapidly, so immaculately, that not one person stopped to question how it all worked so well, a fortysomething man and a teenager being so inextricably linked. I know the power imbalance that exists every time you meet someone who’s seen you at your most vulnerable, whether or not it was your choice in the first place. How you have to hope that they don’t use it against you in some way, or say something flippant that might burn its way into your sense of self, resurfacing every time you look at your body in the mirror or undress in front of your partner.” (The Comeback, Berman,2020).

 She wanders from place to place and then reaches her parents’ home in Anaheim, London.

which shows that something very complex is disturbing her life. “Maybe my mom was right about me when she said I wasn’t happy, but what she doesn’t understand is that since the age of fifteen, I’ve never even dared to want to be happy. I’m just trying to stay alive”. (The Comeback, Berman,2020).

Isolation is one of the parts of Psychological Defense Mechanisms. This mechanism of isolation is created by ego which deals with reality. When there is a conflict between the conscious and unconscious mind, a person suppresses his painful feelings. But it does not end here, the mind always finds another way to express emotions through mechanisms. Here this thing is evident that Grace is suppressing her painful emotions, as there is a conflict between her conscious and unconscious mind. 

“Do you want to know why I left you? I left because you never wanted to see who I was. You had this image of me as this little lost girl who you could rescue with your love, and you panicked when it turned out not to be as simple as that. Your love suffocated me because it was a love for somebody else. You never took the time to get to know who I was, and the one night I tried to tell you, you didn’t want to know. That’s why I fucking left.” (The Comeback, Berman,2020). 

She is using the mechanism of isolation to deal with her trauma. She isolates herself from her work and people.

She pulls up outside her parents’ house and makes her way to the front door as fast as she can. She rings the bell and her dads opens the door within seconds. When he sees Grace is standing there on her crutches, with her battered face, he takes a step back, gripping the wall to steady himself because Grace has been staying with a friend in Ojai, and then she came home in the morning. 

“How did she seem when she got home?” He looks at my mom, but neither of them seems to know how to answer. “I think she seemed fine,” my mom says helplessly. “But maybe I don’t know her anymore. Do you think she’s at a friend’s house? Do I need to call the police?

How am I supposed to tell them we just, lost her?” (The Comeback, Berman,2020). 

The character of Grace is not easy to understand.  It’s a character who is trying not only to cope with all that has been taken away from her but also what has been done to her. The most vicious demons have always been her own, and she has never learned how to protect herself from them. As we have discussed she was exploited to the point where she could not trust anyone, even including her parents, her friends, her sister, and her husband.  Thereupon, the development of Grace’s character can be figured out from her choices, her relationship with her younger sister, Esme, and her rocky marriage.  She failed in all and chose drugs, fake friends, and other self-destructive behavior. 

“So, you were just swimming, my mother says, frowning at my sister and me over a breakfast of Lucky Charms with diced strawberries. “I was just swimming,” Esme says

authoritatively. “In the torrential rain.” “In the torrential rain,” Esme repeats. “Like your sister was just driving off a mountain on Christmas Eve.” My sister and I exchange a look. I swallow a mouthful of milky, powdered chemicals. “Just like that,” I say, shrugging. “I don’t know how we raised two such thrill-seekers,” my dad says, pouring more cereal into Esme’s bowl, “when I’ve never even smoked a cigarette.” (The Comeback, Berman,2020)

In Short, the sexual abuse and its aftereffect badly impact the development of Grace’s character.  Here we can see the traces of “parapraxis” (Barry 2002) in Grace’s character. The development of the character is full of flaws and complexity.  Sometimes, she is self-absorbed and selfish, but at the same time, she is broken and careless.  So, in Grace, the writer has created a complex and complicated character and the author has justified the impact of childhood sexual abuse. Sexual abuse badly affected the protagonist which leads her to abnormal behavior.

In this study, the theory of Psychoanalysis has been used as a mechanism to find out the hidden meaning of the novel “The Comeback”, particularly with the character of Grace. In the same way, we become familiars with the execution of the Trauma theory. Grace faces trauma in the form of childhood sexual abuse and it impacts the development of her character. So, this  Psychoanalytical Study has traced the Traumatic impact on Grace’s character.  

Grace is manipulated by the Hollywood director Able Yorke. Because of this trauma, she went out of control and she become addicted to drugs to escape her life. Immediately one day she disappears from the public eye when she was nominated for an award. She spends the year quietly. This research work has provided an understanding of the Trauma theory from the novel  “The Comeback” protagonist as well as learning the concept of psychoanalysis and how it relates to the literature. In the second place, it explores the execution of the psychoanalysis theory on the literary text of the Grace character by exploring the unknown and hidden perspective of Grace Character employing the trauma theory. The interrogation of this research is the justification of how childhood sexual abuse and its aftereffects impact the development of  Grace’s character and more particularly to what extent does the sexual abuse of the protagonist shows her abnormal behavior, So, this dissertation has provided a comprehensive understanding of psychoanalysis as well as trauma theory under the observation of the Berman’s novel The  Comeback.

 Work Cited List 

ARCHIVIST. “When Is Child Sexual Abuse Not Child Sexual Abuse?”. Archives Of Disease  In Childhood, vol 79, no. 1, 1998, pp. 43-43. BMJ 

Balaev, Michelle. “Trends in literary trauma theory.” Mosaic: A journal for the  interdisciplinary study of literature (2008): 149-166. 

Barry, Peter . “ Beginning Theory”. Manchester University Press, 2002 

Barrett, Betty. “The Impact Of Childhood Sexual Abuse And Other Forms Of Childhood  Adversity On Adulthood Parenting”. Journal Of Child Sexual Abuse, vol 18, no. 5, 2009, pp.  489-512. Informa UK Limited, 

Berger, James et al. “Trauma And Literary Theory”. Contemporary Literature, vol 38, no. 3,  1997, p. 569. University Of Wisconsin press 

Berman, Ella. The Comeback. Penguin Publishing Group, 2020, pp. 35-40. 

Berman, Emanuel. “Psychoanalysis As Literature?”. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, vol 43,  no. 2, 2007, pp. 298-304. Informa UK Limited 

Black, S.A. (1970) “Walt Whitman and Psychoanalytic Criticism: A Response to Arthur  Gloden Literature and Psychology”, Vol. 20.2, 70-74. 

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Devardhi, Julia. (2009) “Application of Freudian Concepts to the Explication of Literary  Texts: A Case Study of Walt Whitman’s “The Sleepers”. African Research Review,  Vol.3.1,436-450.  

Dhawan, Sonia, and W.L. Marshall. “Sexual Abuse Histories Of Sexual Offenders”. Sexual  Abuse, vol 8, no. 1, 1996, pp. 7-15. SAGE Publications 

Edwards, Damyan. “Childhood Sexual Abuse And Brain Development: A Discussion Of  Associated Structural Changes And Negative Psychological Outcomes”. Child Abuse  Review, vol 27, no. 3, 2018, pp. 198-208. Wiley 

Freud, S. Interpretation of Dream. (1913) 3rd edition, Trans. Brill A A. Macmillan. New  York 

Gana, Nouri. “Of Contrapuntology: Said’s Freud”. Theory &Amp; Event, vol 7, no. 2, 2004.  Project Muse 

Hughes, Mary, and Jill Cossar. “The Relationship Between Maternal Childhood Emotional  Abuse/Neglect And Parenting Outcomes: A Systematic Review”. Child Abuse Review, vol  25, no. 1, 2015, pp. 31-45. Wiley 

Kramer, Milton. “Sigmund Freud’S The Interpretation Of Dreams: The Initial Response  (1899-1908).”. Dreaming, vol 4, no. 1, 1994, pp. 47-52. American Psychological  Association , 

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Maupassant, Guy de. “Extrait De La Nuit De Guy De Maupassant, 1887”. Bulletin D’histoire  De L’électricité, vol 25, no. 1, 1995, pp. 152-153. PERSEE Program,  

Noga Levine Keini, Macbeth – The Danger of Passion, Power, and Betrayal: A  Psychoanalytic Perspective, Humanities, and Social Sciences. Vol. 8, No. 6, 2020, pp. 191- 199. DOI: 10.11648/j.hss.20200806.14 

Summit, Roland C. “Abuse Of The Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome“. Journal  Of Child Sexual Abuse, vol 1, no. 4, 1993, pp. 153-164. Informa UK Limited, 

Thither, Allen. “A Theory Of Literature Or Recent Literature As Theory”. Contemporary  Literature, vol 29, no. 3, 1988, p. 337. University Of Wisconsin Press 

Xu, Yin, and Yong Zheng. “Does Sexual Orientation Precede Childhood Sexual Abuse?  Childhood Gender Nonconformity As A Risk Factor And Instrumental Variable Analysis”. Sexual Abuse, vol 29, no. 8, 2015, pp. 786-802. SAGE Publications

“Copyright also known as author’s right is an exclusive right that authors have over their artistic and literary work”. So, it is a kind of protection that ranges from all types of literature to computer programs, technical drawings, advertisements, maps, etc. (Kim, 2020)

Copyright is a legal term that describes the law that gives protection to creators’ work either published or unpublished. These collections of rights automatically vest to the person who makes an original work of authorship such as a book, movie, song, etc. plagiarism is considered a serious academic offense so no one else can use or present the work as its own without proper citing, although the authors have the right to reproduce the work and display the work publicly (Kim, 2020). Copyright law is justified by the World Intellectual Property Organization, first in the pact of “Protection of Industrial Property” during the Paris Convention of 1883 and during the Berne Convention of 1886, when they have the treaty “Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.” At the time, intellectual properties were acknowledged with the emerging societies attribute.

Copyright law was first coined in the United Kingdom with the concept of the common law of authorship, represented as the statute of Anne 1709. After passing the copyright act 1911, this common law adopted statutory law (MINAMI, 2010). The current act is the designs, the copyright, and patents act 1988. The main purpose of the copyright laws is to protect and provide security to the authors, publishers, performers, broadcasters, artists and many others whose all career depends on their intellectual property and recognition of rights”.

Copyright law in the UAE has vast applications. Intellectual property laws have been issued by President Zayad which was achieved through putting in place a law that provides years of protection with licensing, and punishment in case of any law offense (UAE Interact 2002). According to intellectual property laws issued by President Zayed, the owner is the right party to sue in court upon infringement, protection of the work includes books, articles, songs, and computer software. Further, UAE copyright laws assure that any person found showing someone else works as his or her property without the owner’s authorization, will face severe penalties waiting (UAE Interact, 2002). This could lead to imprisonment if the offense is repeated and justified. In short, copyright law protects the motivation of creativity.

References
Kim, K., 2020. Revised Korea-Japan Copyright Acts on ‘Limitations on Copyright for Educational Purpose’. Korea Copyright Commission, 33(3), pp.75-110.

MINAMI, R., 2010. Tell me more about copyright : Part1: What is copyright? What is the use of copyright materials?. Journal of Information Processing and Management, 53(7), pp.381-395.

MINAMI, R., 2010. Tell me more about copyright : Part1: What is copyright? What is the use of copyright materials?. Journal of Information Processing and Management, 53(7), pp.381-395.

Murray, L., 2004. Escaping from the Pirates: History, Literary Criticism, and American Copyright. American Literary History, 16(4), pp.719-727.
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Introduction

Definition of Copyright law

“Copyright also known as author’s right is an exclusive right that authors have over their artistic and literary work”.   So, it is a kind of protection that ranges from all types of literature to computer programs, technical drawings, advertisements, maps, etc. (Kim, 2020)

Discussion 

Copyright is a legal term that describes the law that gives protection to creators’ work either published or unpublished. These collections of rights automatically vest to the person who makes an original work of authorship such as a book, movie, song, etc. plagiarism is considered a serious academic offense so no one else can use or present the work as its own without proper citing, although the authors have the right to reproduce the work and display the work publicly (Kim, 2020). Copyright law is justified by the World Intellectual Property Organization, first in the pact of “Protection of Industrial Property” during the Paris Convention of 1883 and during the Berne Convention of 1886, when they have the treaty “Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.” At the time, intellectual properties were acknowledged with the emerging societies attribute.

Copyright law was first coined in the United Kingdom with the concept of the common law of authorship, represented as the statute of Anne 1709.  After passing the copyright act 1911, this common law adopted statutory law (MINAMI, 2010).  The current act is the designs, the copyright, and patents act 1988. The main purpose of the copyright laws is to protect and provide security to the authors, publishers, performers, broadcasters, artists and many others whose all career depends on their intellectual property and recognition of rights”

Copyright law in the UAE has vast applications. Intellectual property laws have been issued by President Zayad which was achieved through putting in place a law that provides years of protection with licensing, and punishment in case of any law offense (UAE Interact 2002). According to intellectual property laws issued by President Zayed, the owner is the right party to sue in court upon infringement, protection of the work includes books, articles, songs, and computer software.  Further, UAE copyright laws assure that any person found showing someone else works as his or her property without the owner’s authorization, will face severe penalties waiting (UAE Interact, 2002). This could lead to imprisonment if the offense is repeated and justified. In short, copyright law protects the motivation of creativity.

Conclusion

There are various benefits of understanding copyright law in UAE as a communication and media science student. This is based on the fact that a media science student deals with works of art in many instances. The student should be acquainted with the essential laws to ensure that he or she avoids possible infringement.

                                              References             

Kim, K., 2020. Revised Korea-Japan Copyright Acts on ‘Limitations on Copyright for Educational Purpose’. Korea Copyright Commission, 33(3), pp.75-110.

MINAMI, R., 2010. Tell me more about copyright : Part1: What is copyright? What is the use of copyright materials?. Journal of Information Processing and Management, 53(7), pp.381-395.

MINAMI, R., 2010. Tell me more about copyright : Part1: What is copyright? What is the use of copyright materials?. Journal of Information Processing and Management, 53(7), pp.381-395.

Murray, L., 2004. Escaping from the Pirates: History, Literary Criticism, and American Copyright. American Literary History, 16(4), pp.719-727.

 
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