Abstract 

This psychoanalytical study is the study of the novel “The Comeback” written by Ella Berman in 2020. Frued (1950) proclaims that Psychoanalysis theory deals with the specific premises of the workings of the mind. Most of the novel’s chapters deal with Grace’s character, who is exploited and manipulated at the age of fourteen by The Hollywood director, Able Yorke. She seems to have fame and a reputation as a superstar but on the inside, she is broken and living a miserable life because of the traumatic experiences of sexual abuse. She becomes addicted to alcohol and other drugs. Freud (1896) names this situation the effect of trauma. This dissertation provides the understanding of Trauma theory through the character of the protagonist of the novel The Comeback, and it also presents the execution of the psychoanalysis theory by exploring the unknown and hidden perspectives of Grace’s character. This research highlights how childhood sexual abuse impacts the development of Grace’s character, and how sexual abuse leads to her Abnormal behavior.

It is a very common observation that the human mind tends to retain some memories even if they are bad or good, any experience which leaves an impact on a person’s life stays in the memory. That particular experience becomes eternalized in the memory of that person. Although the event that happened once, does not go on happening again and again, the memory of the traumatized victim, becomes eternal. It happens again and again and always leaves the person in the same agonized state in which he/she was left when encountered with that very experience for the first time. There are times when a sudden outburst, a certain event, or even the slightest idea can lead to the disorientation of thoughts and activities, just because the person feels that he is experiencing the same event again, only that he is not and it is just his memory of the circumstance which makes him feel like this.

   Introduction

As camera introduces us to invisible optics as does psychoanalysis to unconscious impulses. The theory of psychoanalysis is the most imposing theory we have in the post-war period.  It was birthed by the Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud in the 1950s, who provided a radically new approach to the analysis and treatment of ‘abnormal’, sexual, and traumas’ behavior. It deals with the dynamics of the workings of the mind and focuses on the state of mind of the author or the state of mind of characters created by the author. The closest connection between literature and psychoanalysis has always been located in literary theory. Among these literary theories to literature, psychoanalysis is one of the modern theories that are used in English literature.  Caruth (1996) explained the relationship between literature and psychoanalysis as

“If Freud turns to literature to describe the traumatic experience, it is because literature

itself is interested in the complex relationship between knowing and not knowing, and it is at this specific point at which knowing and not knowing to intersect that the psychoanalytic theory of

traumatic experience and the language of literature meet.” (Caruth 1996)

 It is regarded as a theory of behavior organization and the dynamics of the mind.  Despite that, psychoanalysis study is considered a fascinating lens and constructive approach in the application of interpretative analysis of any text. This dissertation details the psychoanalytical study of the novel “The Comeback” penned by Ella Berman in 2020.

Grace is the protagonist of the novel.  The whole story revolves around her.  she is a young actress who becomes a victim of sexual abuse at the age of fourteen.  Hollywood director, Able Yorke takes her to America and introduces her to the Hollywood industry.  She becomes a

Hollywood star of a wildly successful film series, but all decisions about her life are in the hands of a controlling and manipulative director, Able Yorke. Grace depends on him, so he manipulates and exploits her to the maximum.  Although, she seems to have fame and a reputation as a superstar. However, this was only one side of the coin, but behind that public facade, Grace was raped by the same person, Able Yorke, who makes her a superstar in the industry.  Because of this trauma, she becomes addicted to alcohol and drugs so that she can escape from her miserable life.

  One day, on the cusp of awards season, she completely disappears from the public eye. She spends years quietly. She has a complicated relationship with everyone. She lost the connection with her parents, sister, and husband, whom she holds up as a saint. Grace returns to Los Angeles after a year, and she struggles with her future. She tries hard to repair her relationships with her loved ones and studio executives alike. Unfortunately, she observes the same situation-those who run Hollywood, like Yorke, are still in power, and still exploiting that power to take advantage of young stars. 

This psychoanalytical study discusses the mechanisms to find out the hidden meaning of a literary text of the novel “The Comeback” particularly with the character of Grace. It also helps us to understand, the execution of the trauma theory such as: how childhood sexual abuse trauma impacts the development of Grace’s character and how leads it to her Abnormal

behavior.

Objectives

The main objectives of this dissertation are

1. To study the impact of childhood sexual abuse on the development of Grace’s character
2. To study how sexual abuse causes abnormal behavior of the protagonist 

Literature Review

The psychoanalysis theory is one of the most consuming modern theories used in literary analysis of the different genres.  Despite this, psychoanalysis has a close connection with literature or not, it has become one of the most interesting mechanisms for interpreting the hidden meaning of the text. Psychoanalysis is not simply a branch of medicine, but also it is used to understand various fields such as philosophy, culture, religion, and first and for most use in literature. So, significant numbers of studies can be found where researchers applied psychoanalysis theory to different texts.

Khotimah (2004) in his thesis “psychoanalysis of Native Son (1940)” discusses Bigger’s

Character utilizing psychoanalysis theory which includes Freud’s psychoanalysis and the Motivation theory of Human behavior by Fryer and Morgan and King. The thesis attempts to uncover every psychological aspect of Bigger’s character through his behavior. This dissertation has a similar approach especially in psychoanalysis theory, although the object of the analysis is different.

Maupassant in his short story “TheNecklace” (1888) has been analyzed several times as a psychoanalytical study by different researchers.  On J Stor, several articles have been published where different researcher prepares psychoanalytical study of the short story The Necklace. Bement in his article (2011) who offers an interpretation of Maupassant’s development of the plot of The Necklace, believing that he may have considered the implications of both greed and innocence to form his story.  He comments upon the surprise ending in The Necklace and its correlation to psychological realism and relates with psychoanalysis theory.  O’Faolain in his article (2013) in which he asserts that the cleverness of The Necklace lies not in the surprise ending but its realistic portrayal of human relationships and society.  He said the shock ending of The Necklace is the highlight of the story, condemning Maupassant’s portrayal of relationships as vague and unconvincing and his plot as improbable.  In finding, all these articles’ authors implement psychoanalysis theory on “The Necklace”.

Anumpa (2016) in his article on ” Cry the Peacock” portrays the psychic tumult of a young and sensitive married girl Maya who is haunted by a childhood prophecy of a fatal disaster. She is the daughter of a rich advocate in Lucknow. Being alone in the family, her mother being dead and brother having gone to America to carve his independent destiny, she gets the most of her father’s affection and attention and in her moments of affliction exclaims to herself: “No one, no one else, loves me as my father does”. The excessive love Maya gets from her father makes her have a lop-sided view of life. She feels the world to be a toy made especially for her, painted in her favorite colors and set moving according to her tunes.  On the other side, according to Ayub (2018) ” Cry the Peacock (1963) “is about Neurosis and its impact on human personality that have engaged the attention of both psychologists and creative writers. By following the impact of Freud and with the development of various psychological theories in the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries, he examines how Maya, the protagonist of Anita

Desai’s Cry, The Peacock is forced into a psychotic state on account of an incompatible and unsympathetic marital relationship

Anthony (1956) claimed that D.H. Lawrence’s novel “Sons and Lovers “gives grounds for a psychoanalytic interpretation.  The protagonist of the novel reexamined his relationship with his mother and her psychological effect on his sexuality which relates to one of Freud’s most famous theories known as the Oedipus Complex (1899).  According to Ramos, the work of

D. H. Lawrence provides evidence of personality development of Oedipal conflict and the pre-

Oedipal establishment of a sense of self. In the same regard, Jones (1922) in “A Psycho-

Analytic Study of Hamlet” argues (1922) that William Shakespeare’s tragic hero, Hamlet, suffers from an Oedipus Complex one of Freud’s theories the idea that a male character is driven by unconscious desires to kill his father and marry his mother.  

Sarge (2019) Applied Psychoanalytic Theory to Macbeth. He suggests that the dynamic character that is Macbeth all parts of Freud’s psyche surface while choice characters such as

Lady Macbeth and King Duncan largely represent one psyche personality. Correspondingly, Levine (2020) stated that the power of psychological suggestion motivates Macbeth to act on his repressed desires. They are the contrasting counterparts Id and Superego, which are the most imposing concept of Freud in psychoanalysis theory.

Apart from the above particular research, a significant number of researches have been conducted to identify research articles, investigating the correlation between sexual abuse and its aftereffects.  Many studies also examined multiple or single incidents of abuse and both childhood and adult victimization. 

Research Question

• How do childhood sexual abuse and its aftereffects impact the development of Grace’s character?
• To what extent does the sexual abuse of the protagonist show her abnormal behavior?

Theoretical Framework

Numerous theories deal with mind and behavior; however, the most known theory is psychoanalysis theory.   It was developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Austrian Neurologist Sigmund Freud who provided a radically new approach to the analysis and treatment of ‘abnormal’, sexual, and any kind of traumas’ behavior.  Before this, critics ignore the behavioral errors and look for a physiological explanation of ‘abnormality,’ however, with the introduction of Freudian theories, critics recognized that abnormal behavior is not meaningless but always happens because of an intense cause, and Freud named its trauma. 

Detail description is found on the unconscious mind by Freud.  He defines the unconscious as the part of the mind that lies outside the somewhat vague and porous boundaries of consciousness.  He also relates unconsciousness to the Laws of transformation. These principles govern the process of repression Psychoanalytic Theory used in English Literature:   the unconscious works as the theoretical function of making the relation between adult behavior intelligible and childhood experience. 

Freud proposed three structures of the psyche or personality.  Id refers to a selfish, primitive, childish pleasure-oriented part of the personality with no ability to delay gratification.

Whereas Super Ego refers to internalized societal and parental standards of ‘good’ and ‘bad’, ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ behavior’, and Ego refers to the moderator between the Id and Super-Ego which seeks compromises to pacify both. It is not clear what would count as evidence sufficient to confirm or refute theoretical claims. The theory is based on an inadequate conceptualization of the experience of women.  The theory overemphasizes the role of sexuality causes in human psychological development that leads to trauma. 

According to Judith Herman (I992), trauma theory has provided a framework for understanding how individuals process devastating experiences. Psychological trauma is an affliction of the powerless. At the moment of trauma, the victim is rendered helpless by overwhelming force. Traumatic events overwhelm the ordinary systems of care that give people a sense of control, connection, and meaning. Traumatic events are extraordinary, not because they occur rarely, but rather because they overwhelm the ordinary human adaptations to life. According to the Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, the common denominator of psychological trauma is a feeling of “intense fear, helplessness, loss of control, and the threat of annihilation.” 

Traumatic events shatter our basic assumptions that we will be safe, that we are good people, that our future relations would not do anything to harm us. Trauma-reactions are psychophysiological responses to the overwhelming events that the individual cannot integrate (Herman, 1992). Sexual abuse cannot be assimilated with our sense of self in the world. The dissociative process plays an important role in this regard. Braun (1990) describes it as follows: Dissociating is to sever the association of one thing from another. In psychiatry, dissociation is a defensive process that can intercede between affective states and thoughts to separate them from the mainstream of consciousness, between parts of behavioral chains, or between effects, behaviors, and thoughts. Dissociation may affect or distort the input level of perception.

Another important aspect of the traumatic response is hyperarousal. This includes startle reactions, irritability, hypervigilance, and difficulty with modulating the intensity of the effect. “After a traumatic experience, the human system of self-preservation seems to go on to permanent alert, as if the danger might return at any moment. Physiological arousal continues unabated” (Herman, 1992). It is believed that this hyperarousal is physiological as well as psychological in nature. There is evidence that trauma causes lasting biochemical and neuroanatomical changes (Greenberg, 1998).

The Comeback belongs to the psychological genre. Psychoanalysis and trauma theory have been used as a theoretical framework for the research. The comeback is a psychological novel, in which the thoughts, feelings, and motivations of Grace and other characters have greater interest than their external action or words. There are clear pieces of evidence that the internal states of Grace’s character and the emotional reactions lead to her abnormal behavior.

So, the novel I have chosen entirely fits the psychoanalysis theory.

Characterization

This psychoanalysis study starts with the abstract which summarizes the major aspects of the entire dissertation in a prescribed sequence that included: the overall purpose of the study, the research problem, and at the end major theory of the paper. The second heading is the heading of the introduction, which contains five Steps. the first step has Introduced the topic and defined theories.  Then background and introduction of the novel. After this, there is the research problem and objectives of the dissertation. The next heading is about literature review which provides a description and comprehensive summary of each source.  After the literature review, chapter one starts which deals with the research question, how sexual abuse impacts the development of the character of Grace, where I have provided bulk evidence from the novel’s text to support ideas. The backup text gives the idea of the negative impact of the sexual abuse Grace experienced in the novel. It is justified that Grace is a disturbing character who was manipulated, exploited, and the victim of sexual abuse starting at the age of fourteen.  Chapter 1 leads to chapter 2, in which I have talked about the abnormal actions of Grace. Chapter 2 is backed up with the evidence from the text of the novel. Chapter 2 talks about the character of Grace, who is not easy to understand.  She is trying not only to cope with all that has been taken away from her but also what has been done to her. Lastly, there is the conclusion which provides a summary of the whole study.

Childhood sexual abuse impacts the victim in the adult age.  Childhood is the age of learning and developing character where a child learns to understand the meaning of being protected. According to Herman, (1992) having stability and a childhood healthy environment allow you to form solid and safe relationships later in life, however, this is the ideal definition of an experience of childhood. In the reality, we have many children who experience sexual abuse and harassment in their childhood.  As the character of Grace symbolizes one of them who faces trauma, she has experienced sexual abuse and harassment in her childhood which impact the development of her character.  Grace is a disturbing character who was controlled and exploited while working in Hollywood by her director.  This exploitation Impacts the development of Grace’s character.  

The very abnormal decision she makes is when she has the fame of her career, she disappears from the public eye.  The trauma of all events impacts the development of Grace’s character. Trauma theory has also helped to recognize the fact that women are more prone to get affected by traumas and develop psychiatric reactions to them as compared to men. This claim has been justified by a history of feminist concerns of oppression, gaslighting, and lack of acceptance. Trauma theory has created a language that has been effective for the interpretation of reactions due to abuse such as nightmares and traumatic flashbacks which was previously not acknowledged as having psychological implications. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was also included in the list of psychological disorders as a result of the expansion of trauma theory.

This is now being incorporated in feminist literature as in Grace’s character.

“On the day of the Independent Film Awards, I wake in the middle of the night sweating, my pillow soaked. I dreamed Able was in the room with me while I slept, but I couldn’t move or call out because his hands were around my neck, pinning me down all over again. I reach for my painkillers before remembering I left them at Laurel’s. after that, I sob into my pillow until I can hardly breathe, while the sky lightens around me. I don’t know how to be normal, how to stop him from being able to reach me. “(The Comeback, Berman,2020). 

Because of sexual abuse and its impact on her life, she starts using alcohol and drugs. she has complex character development as she has a complicated relationship with everyone and everything: these are the aftereffect of sexual abuse. The feeling is primitive, raw, unlike anything she has ever felt before. She is up again and running into the icy water as thick raindrops continue falling from the sky. Able Yorke’s manipulation gets more worst as the only person she had in the world is Able, In the start, he was only emotionally abusive. But with time,

Able’s motives become more sexual.  She wants to get rid of this life but she couldn’t because she is controlled by Able psychologically as well as physically, and that controlled life provides a sketch how she is reacting towards people and things after that incident of sexual abuse.

        “I have spent years trying to work out what I could have done differently, or maybe what my parents could have done differently. I should have told someone after the first time he made me touch him, or when he told me I was mentally unstable for the hundredth time. Maybe I shouldn’t have waited until every part of my life was already destroyed before I tried to kill myself. Maybe

I shouldn’t have worked so hard to become, as I was told just this morning, such an unreliable witness. But it was never really up to me, was it?” (The Comeback, Berman,2020).

She has a miserable life in Hollywood, as Able York abuses her mentally as well as physically.

In the start, Grace praises Able and considers him a good person.  But after a year, when Grace meets Able, she is terrified and seems to have developed a complex personality disorder. Borderline personality disorder has also been identified as a mental disorder that is the result of chronic child abuse (Herman, 1992). That has led to the reinterpretation and progress in the development of understanding of generalized female hysterical conditions. 

“Why are you so scared of everything?” Esme asks, looking at me as if I’m a stranger. Every emotion I am feeling is reflected in such excruciating detail on her face that I have to turn away. “You know that I didn’t ask for you to follow me around, right? I have never invited you over, not even once. I don’t know how to help you and I can’t tell you that everything works out in the end, because it doesn’t, and the truth is that you will never get what you want, because, by the time you do, you won’t want it anymore. That’s the secret of the fucking universe that nobody wants to admit to themselves. Do you feel better for knowing it?” She takes a step back, leaving me and Able staring at each other. Each synapse in my body is firing, screaming at me to get away from him, but I force myself to step toward him instead because Emilia is watching and I don’t want her to see how scared I am. I kiss Able stiffly on the cheek, and his golden skin is still papery and rough up close, just like it is in my nightmares.” (The Comeback, Berman 2020).

Her poor and pathetic connection with her parents, and with her sister, she was too young when she left home shows the weakness of her character development. On the other side, When Grace returns to Los Angeles after a year, she struggles with her future, which again symbolizes the negative impact of sexual abuse on her development of a character.  

“I was untouchable, unstoppable, hurtling down a path to immortality so rapidly, so immaculately, that not one person stopped to question how it all worked so well, a fortysomething man and a teenager being so inextricably linked. I know the power imbalance that exists every time you meet someone who’s seen you at your most vulnerable, whether or not it was your choice in the first place. How you have to hope that they don’t use it against you in some way, or say something flippant that might burn its way into your sense of self, resurfacing every time you look at your body in the mirror or undress in front of your partner.” (The Comeback, Berman,2020).

 She wanders from place to place and then reaches her parents’ home in Anaheim, London.

which shows that something very complex is disturbing her life. “Maybe my mom was right about me when she said I wasn’t happy, but what she doesn’t understand is that since the age of fifteen, I’ve never even dared to want to be happy. I’m just trying to stay alive”. (The Comeback, Berman,2020).

Isolation is one of the parts of Psychological Defense Mechanisms. This mechanism of isolation is created by ego which deals with reality. When there is a conflict between the conscious and unconscious mind, a person suppresses his painful feelings. But it does not end here, the mind always finds another way to express emotions through mechanisms. Here this thing is evident that Grace is suppressing her painful emotions, as there is a conflict between her conscious and unconscious mind. 

“Do you want to know why I left you? I left because you never wanted to see who I was. You had this image of me as this little lost girl who you could rescue with your love, and you panicked when it turned out not to be as simple as that. Your love suffocated me because it was a love for somebody else. You never took the time to get to know who I was, and the one night I tried to tell you, you didn’t want to know. That’s why I fucking left.” (The Comeback, Berman,2020). 

She is using the mechanism of isolation to deal with her trauma. She isolates herself from her work and people.

She pulls up outside her parents’ house and makes her way to the front door as fast as she can. She rings the bell and her dads opens the door within seconds. When he sees Grace is standing there on her crutches, with her battered face, he takes a step back, gripping the wall to steady himself because Grace has been staying with a friend in Ojai, and then she came home in the morning. 

“How did she seem when she got home?” He looks at my mom, but neither of them seems to know how to answer. “I think she seemed fine,” my mom says helplessly. “But maybe I don’t know her anymore. Do you think she’s at a friend’s house? Do I need to call the police?

How am I supposed to tell them we just, lost her?” (The Comeback, Berman,2020). 

The character of Grace is not easy to understand.  It’s a character who is trying not only to cope with all that has been taken away from her but also what has been done to her. The most vicious demons have always been her own, and she has never learned how to protect herself from them. As we have discussed she was exploited to the point where she could not trust anyone, even including her parents, her friends, her sister, and her husband.  Thereupon, the development of Grace’s character can be figured out from her choices, her relationship with her younger sister, Esme, and her rocky marriage.  She failed in all and chose drugs, fake friends, and other self-destructive behavior. 

“So, you were just swimming, my mother says, frowning at my sister and me over a breakfast of Lucky Charms with diced strawberries. “I was just swimming,” Esme says

authoritatively. “In the torrential rain.” “In the torrential rain,” Esme repeats. “Like your sister was just driving off a mountain on Christmas Eve.” My sister and I exchange a look. I swallow a mouthful of milky, powdered chemicals. “Just like that,” I say, shrugging. “I don’t know how we raised two such thrill-seekers,” my dad says, pouring more cereal into Esme’s bowl, “when I’ve never even smoked a cigarette.” (The Comeback, Berman,2020)

In Short, the sexual abuse and its aftereffect badly impact the development of Grace’s character.  Here we can see the traces of “parapraxis” (Barry 2002) in Grace’s character. The development of the character is full of flaws and complexity.  Sometimes, she is self-absorbed and selfish, but at the same time, she is broken and careless.  So, in Grace, the writer has created a complex and complicated character and the author has justified the impact of childhood sexual abuse. Sexual abuse badly affected the protagonist which leads her to abnormal behavior.

In this study, the theory of Psychoanalysis has been used as a mechanism to find out the hidden meaning of the novel “The Comeback”, particularly with the character of Grace. In the same way, we become familiars with the execution of the Trauma theory. Grace faces trauma in the form of childhood sexual abuse and it impacts the development of her character. So, this  Psychoanalytical Study has traced the Traumatic impact on Grace’s character.  

Grace is manipulated by the Hollywood director Able Yorke. Because of this trauma, she went out of control and she become addicted to drugs to escape her life. Immediately one day she disappears from the public eye when she was nominated for an award. She spends the year quietly. This research work has provided an understanding of the Trauma theory from the novel  “The Comeback” protagonist as well as learning the concept of psychoanalysis and how it relates to the literature. In the second place, it explores the execution of the psychoanalysis theory on the literary text of the Grace character by exploring the unknown and hidden perspective of Grace Character employing the trauma theory. The interrogation of this research is the justification of how childhood sexual abuse and its aftereffects impact the development of  Grace’s character and more particularly to what extent does the sexual abuse of the protagonist shows her abnormal behavior, So, this dissertation has provided a comprehensive understanding of psychoanalysis as well as trauma theory under the observation of the Berman’s novel The  Comeback.

 Work Cited List 

ARCHIVIST. “When Is Child Sexual Abuse Not Child Sexual Abuse?”. Archives Of Disease  In Childhood, vol 79, no. 1, 1998, pp. 43-43. BMJ 

Balaev, Michelle. “Trends in literary trauma theory.” Mosaic: A journal for the  interdisciplinary study of literature (2008): 149-166. 

Barry, Peter . “ Beginning Theory”. Manchester University Press, 2002 

Barrett, Betty. “The Impact Of Childhood Sexual Abuse And Other Forms Of Childhood  Adversity On Adulthood Parenting”. Journal Of Child Sexual Abuse, vol 18, no. 5, 2009, pp.  489-512. Informa UK Limited, 

Berger, James et al. “Trauma And Literary Theory”. Contemporary Literature, vol 38, no. 3,  1997, p. 569. University Of Wisconsin press 

Berman, Ella. The Comeback. Penguin Publishing Group, 2020, pp. 35-40. 

Berman, Emanuel. “Psychoanalysis As Literature?”. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, vol 43,  no. 2, 2007, pp. 298-304. Informa UK Limited 

Black, S.A. (1970) “Walt Whitman and Psychoanalytic Criticism: A Response to Arthur  Gloden Literature and Psychology”, Vol. 20.2, 70-74. 

36 

Devardhi, Julia. (2009) “Application of Freudian Concepts to the Explication of Literary  Texts: A Case Study of Walt Whitman’s “The Sleepers”. African Research Review,  Vol.3.1,436-450.  

Dhawan, Sonia, and W.L. Marshall. “Sexual Abuse Histories Of Sexual Offenders”. Sexual  Abuse, vol 8, no. 1, 1996, pp. 7-15. SAGE Publications 

Edwards, Damyan. “Childhood Sexual Abuse And Brain Development: A Discussion Of  Associated Structural Changes And Negative Psychological Outcomes”. Child Abuse  Review, vol 27, no. 3, 2018, pp. 198-208. Wiley 

Freud, S. Interpretation of Dream. (1913) 3rd edition, Trans. Brill A A. Macmillan. New  York 

Gana, Nouri. “Of Contrapuntology: Said’s Freud”. Theory &Amp; Event, vol 7, no. 2, 2004.  Project Muse 

Hughes, Mary, and Jill Cossar. “The Relationship Between Maternal Childhood Emotional  Abuse/Neglect And Parenting Outcomes: A Systematic Review”. Child Abuse Review, vol  25, no. 1, 2015, pp. 31-45. Wiley 

Kramer, Milton. “Sigmund Freud’S The Interpretation Of Dreams: The Initial Response  (1899-1908).”. Dreaming, vol 4, no. 1, 1994, pp. 47-52. American Psychological  Association , 

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Maupassant, Guy de. “Extrait De La Nuit De Guy De Maupassant, 1887”. Bulletin D’histoire  De L’électricité, vol 25, no. 1, 1995, pp. 152-153. PERSEE Program,  

Noga Levine Keini, Macbeth – The Danger of Passion, Power, and Betrayal: A  Psychoanalytic Perspective, Humanities, and Social Sciences. Vol. 8, No. 6, 2020, pp. 191- 199. DOI: 10.11648/j.hss.20200806.14 

Summit, Roland C. “Abuse Of The Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome“. Journal  Of Child Sexual Abuse, vol 1, no. 4, 1993, pp. 153-164. Informa UK Limited, 

Thither, Allen. “A Theory Of Literature Or Recent Literature As Theory”. Contemporary  Literature, vol 29, no. 3, 1988, p. 337. University Of Wisconsin Press 

Xu, Yin, and Yong Zheng. “Does Sexual Orientation Precede Childhood Sexual Abuse?  Childhood Gender Nonconformity As A Risk Factor And Instrumental Variable Analysis”. Sexual Abuse, vol 29, no. 8, 2015, pp. 786-802. SAGE Publications

“Copyright also known as author’s right is an exclusive right that authors have over their artistic and literary work”. So, it is a kind of protection that ranges from all types of literature to computer programs, technical drawings, advertisements, maps, etc. (Kim, 2020)

Copyright is a legal term that describes the law that gives protection to creators’ work either published or unpublished. These collections of rights automatically vest to the person who makes an original work of authorship such as a book, movie, song, etc. plagiarism is considered a serious academic offense so no one else can use or present the work as its own without proper citing, although the authors have the right to reproduce the work and display the work publicly (Kim, 2020). Copyright law is justified by the World Intellectual Property Organization, first in the pact of “Protection of Industrial Property” during the Paris Convention of 1883 and during the Berne Convention of 1886, when they have the treaty “Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.” At the time, intellectual properties were acknowledged with the emerging societies attribute.

Copyright law was first coined in the United Kingdom with the concept of the common law of authorship, represented as the statute of Anne 1709. After passing the copyright act 1911, this common law adopted statutory law (MINAMI, 2010). The current act is the designs, the copyright, and patents act 1988. The main purpose of the copyright laws is to protect and provide security to the authors, publishers, performers, broadcasters, artists and many others whose all career depends on their intellectual property and recognition of rights”.

Copyright law in the UAE has vast applications. Intellectual property laws have been issued by President Zayad which was achieved through putting in place a law that provides years of protection with licensing, and punishment in case of any law offense (UAE Interact 2002). According to intellectual property laws issued by President Zayed, the owner is the right party to sue in court upon infringement, protection of the work includes books, articles, songs, and computer software. Further, UAE copyright laws assure that any person found showing someone else works as his or her property without the owner’s authorization, will face severe penalties waiting (UAE Interact, 2002). This could lead to imprisonment if the offense is repeated and justified. In short, copyright law protects the motivation of creativity.

References
Kim, K., 2020. Revised Korea-Japan Copyright Acts on ‘Limitations on Copyright for Educational Purpose’. Korea Copyright Commission, 33(3), pp.75-110.

MINAMI, R., 2010. Tell me more about copyright : Part1: What is copyright? What is the use of copyright materials?. Journal of Information Processing and Management, 53(7), pp.381-395.

MINAMI, R., 2010. Tell me more about copyright : Part1: What is copyright? What is the use of copyright materials?. Journal of Information Processing and Management, 53(7), pp.381-395.

Murray, L., 2004. Escaping from the Pirates: History, Literary Criticism, and American Copyright. American Literary History, 16(4), pp.719-727.
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Introduction

Definition of Copyright law

“Copyright also known as author’s right is an exclusive right that authors have over their artistic and literary work”.   So, it is a kind of protection that ranges from all types of literature to computer programs, technical drawings, advertisements, maps, etc. (Kim, 2020)

Discussion 

Copyright is a legal term that describes the law that gives protection to creators’ work either published or unpublished. These collections of rights automatically vest to the person who makes an original work of authorship such as a book, movie, song, etc. plagiarism is considered a serious academic offense so no one else can use or present the work as its own without proper citing, although the authors have the right to reproduce the work and display the work publicly (Kim, 2020). Copyright law is justified by the World Intellectual Property Organization, first in the pact of “Protection of Industrial Property” during the Paris Convention of 1883 and during the Berne Convention of 1886, when they have the treaty “Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.” At the time, intellectual properties were acknowledged with the emerging societies attribute.

Copyright law was first coined in the United Kingdom with the concept of the common law of authorship, represented as the statute of Anne 1709.  After passing the copyright act 1911, this common law adopted statutory law (MINAMI, 2010).  The current act is the designs, the copyright, and patents act 1988. The main purpose of the copyright laws is to protect and provide security to the authors, publishers, performers, broadcasters, artists and many others whose all career depends on their intellectual property and recognition of rights”

Copyright law in the UAE has vast applications. Intellectual property laws have been issued by President Zayad which was achieved through putting in place a law that provides years of protection with licensing, and punishment in case of any law offense (UAE Interact 2002). According to intellectual property laws issued by President Zayed, the owner is the right party to sue in court upon infringement, protection of the work includes books, articles, songs, and computer software.  Further, UAE copyright laws assure that any person found showing someone else works as his or her property without the owner’s authorization, will face severe penalties waiting (UAE Interact, 2002). This could lead to imprisonment if the offense is repeated and justified. In short, copyright law protects the motivation of creativity.

Conclusion

There are various benefits of understanding copyright law in UAE as a communication and media science student. This is based on the fact that a media science student deals with works of art in many instances. The student should be acquainted with the essential laws to ensure that he or she avoids possible infringement.

                                              References             

Kim, K., 2020. Revised Korea-Japan Copyright Acts on ‘Limitations on Copyright for Educational Purpose’. Korea Copyright Commission, 33(3), pp.75-110.

MINAMI, R., 2010. Tell me more about copyright : Part1: What is copyright? What is the use of copyright materials?. Journal of Information Processing and Management, 53(7), pp.381-395.

MINAMI, R., 2010. Tell me more about copyright : Part1: What is copyright? What is the use of copyright materials?. Journal of Information Processing and Management, 53(7), pp.381-395.

Murray, L., 2004. Escaping from the Pirates: History, Literary Criticism, and American Copyright. American Literary History, 16(4), pp.719-727.

 
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2022-07-21 07:16:34

Introduction

You may want something which can protect the brain, heart, and eyes along with constantly improving your stamina, mood, and waistline. That is nowhere possible but green tea might make that wish come true and there are many more benefits of drinking tea. Green tea is tea made from unfermented leaves which are more bitter in flavor and pale in color.  If we laboratories the seeds, it is made from the same regular plants but the way leaves are processed,  gives it the medicinal edge ( Rahan,2017). The history of green tea began in China, where Chinese people have much healthier lifestyles, and to maintain this life expectancy green tea major role.  It is fact that green tea is rich in catechins, most notably epigallocatechin gallate because it is exposed to minimal oxygen after harvesting.

The benefits of Drinking Green Tea have been linked to many health benefits including helping prevent cancer, weight loss, and heart functioning. This essay will look at the evidence behind these claims.

Discussion

drinking green tea may prevent cancer

Drinking green tea prevents cancer. Green tea considers a means of lowering the risk of different types of cancer including breast cancer, colon, liver, breast, bladder, prostate stomach, prostate, and pancreas.   A study was conducted on almost 70,000 women which proves that drinking regularly can reduce colorectal cancer by 57%. Similarly, another study which was conducted on almost 50,000 men for 11 to 14 years shows a % decrease in the risk of advanced prostate cancer. So, it is worthwhile to mention here its benefits against cancer” green tea extract in an oral screening program for evaluating the premalignant lesions comparing the results between the treated and untreated group (Jess, 2018). Given the wide acceptance of green tea, its benefits may help in effective chemoprevention oral cancer”

Fat burning and weight loss because of drinking green tea

Green tea does its job amazingly in fat burning and weight loss. It proves beneficial and helpful because it helps the body’s metabolism to be more efficient. It is medically proven that green tea contains caffeine and catechin, and these compounds speed up the metabolism and metabolism is the process that allows the body to convert fat into usable energy which means fat burning and weight loss because of the benefits of drinking green tea.

Shreds of evidence prove that green tea decreases both weight and body fat.  According to a recent study conducted in 2019, 60 obese people regularly drank green tea and followed a standardized diet, over the 12 weeks, those who drank green tea lost 7.3 pounds (3.3 kg). another stowaway by conducted and found that people who drink green tea extract for 12 weeks experienced decreases in body fat, waist circumference, and body weight, compared to people who do not drink (Michelle, 2018). So, on behalf of this all research, we can confidently say Green tea can help fat burning and weight loss and these amazing results are because green tea is high in catechins and caffeine.

Benefits of drinking green tea may lower heart disease risk.

You might be surprised to know that Lowering your risk of cardiovascular disease is as easy as drinking green tea. Several studies suggest that aromatic green tea may lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, which indirectly mean green tea’s association reduces the risk of death from heart disease and stroke. Add to this, there conducted a study on 40,530 Japanese adults. The result shows that participants who were drinking more than five cups of green tea a day had a 26% lower risk of death from a heart attack than people who drank less than one cup of green tea per day.

“The limited data available on green tea support a potential association between green tea and beneficial properties in relation to risk factors for cardiovascular disease,” says Kathy McManus, director of the department of nutrition at Brigham and Women’s Hospital.

Conclusion

So, the bottom line is that why one should have no such drinks in the form of tea which may become the reason for their long life( McManus, 2013).  By looking at the above argument we can say Green tea can lower heart disease risk. Green tea has many benefits as it helps prevent cancer, and weight loss and improves heart functioning.
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2022-07-21 12:12:28

Introduction 

Most of Shirley Jackson’s works focused on human behavior and psychological analysis. Duality, madness, and evil are recurring themes in many of her works. Her best-known short story “The Lottery ” depicts the theme of the duality of human nature. People from a typical village stone an innocent person every year in town for the sake of an annual ritual. In this short story,  duality of human nature manifests in “The Lottery” when  Jackson asks whether all humans are capable of cruelty and explores how the natural inclinations of humans can be justified by emphasizing the structure and tradition of society. Philosophers are constantly questioning the basic structure of human nature through the ages: does human nature have duality? Are humans fundamentally good or evil?

In the short story “The Lottery” Jackson has urged the same questions through the depiction of an ordinary town people who are capable of unusual violence but still they are living a satisfying life. This literary analysis provides details on how the duality of human nature manifests in the short story “The Lottery” which is intentionally designed to seem timeless and universal.

Discussion

The short story starts with an annual ritual in a typical village.  When a reader starts reading it seems like someone is going to win money as the title of the story is the lottery. However, it takes a dark turn when the event is revealed that it is not about money but this was a traditional annual ritual where everyone in town got together to stone a victim whose name was picked from the lottery. “Well, now. ” Mr Summers said soberly, “guess we better get started, get this over with, so we can go back to work. Anybody ain’t here?” The ending of the story shocked many readers when the story was first published in New York, so the duality of human nature manifests in “The Lottery”

The event of the lottery shows the duality of human nature and how they are capable of having two sides of the same coin. Typical villagers follow horrible, gory, and weird, traditions based on superstition only because their ancestors used to do this ritual. “Listening to the young folks, Next thing you know, they’ll be wanting to go back to living in caves, nobody works anymore. There’s always been a lottery because of this the corn will be heavy soon, Old Man Warner said”. So, Jackson discloses that the people in the village have no humanity as everyone is still permitting the lottery, without thinking about killing. They are training their children as “Someone gave little Davy Hutchinson a few pebbles” to stone his mother Hutchinson.

The brutal ending of the story suggests that humans have a dual nature. They are ready to do great cruelty as long as their decision will not harm them directly. Even Tessie Hutchison was not against the annual ritual until she was signed out. “it isn’t fair, it isn’t right,” but now this objection has no voice as it was raised too late.

Conclusion

In conclusion: Jackson criticizes the nature of humans that we humans follow the same weird and horrible traditions if only a majority is willing to do so, without caring either action may have extreme consequences. Tessie Hutchinson was in the center of a cleared space by now. “It isn’t fair,” she said. But everyone has decided to stone, so a stone hit her on the side of the head. Old Man Warner was saying, “Come on, come on, everyone.” The story provokes the fundamental abnormality and duality of people in their nature. With this example of the lottery, Jackson draws the reader’s attention to the universality of the ideas. So, Jackson suggests the existence of such types of violence anywhere, must be due to some innate aspect of human nature.

 
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2022-07-22 08:24:31