Introduction:

In the past couple of decades, social media has evolved and established global fame to the point that many scholars are now keen to learn more about these social networks and their impact on society. While nearly everyone in the community is linked to at least one social network, young people and adolescents are the proponents and the extremists of social media to the degree that they use social media, even in their classrooms. To this end, scholars have noted that these networking media have a huge effect on the lives of our young people in society concerning education, behavior, and morals. Social media usage has both positive and negative implications on our young community today. This research demonstrates the negative effects of social media on young people in particular.
Social Media Affecting Social Norms and Ethics:

Being an Islamic country, Pakistan has many social and religious norms. But with the emergence of digital media, these social conventions and morals of youth have been threatened. Being in a conventional community, open relationships and friendships with the opposite sex are believed to be immoral. However, social media has altered the norms of socialization and subsequently, youth with adverse social classes are getting interested in engaging and connecting in friendships with the opposite sex. These interactions result in several miserable actions such as murders and suicides, which are usually reported in the newspapers as a consequence of online friendships. This use of social media leads youth towards the pursuit of sexual content.

Sadly, among the eight Muslim states led by Egypt, Pakistan ranked at the top in researching porn content. Several universities, colleges, and schools’ social groups denote sexual talk among students. To minimize unethical traffic, the PTA blocked about 64 thousand online sources having immoral, blasphemous, or obscene content. However, youth still search for sex videos and mostly use VPNs or fake social media accounts to approach adults or porn and inappropriate content. This conduct has become a major issue for online abuse and harassment of women and results in blackmailing.

Discussion 

Role of Social Media in Cyber Crimes:

Cybercrime activity is promoted and encouraged by the Internet through computers, digital devices, and networks used in the digital world. It may involve the digital stealing of information from a private, governmental, or industrial sector by transmitting criminal connections to illegal remote networks across the globe. It entails robbing millions of rupees from online banks to threaten and stalk internet users. Major cybercrimes include drug trafficking, harassment, money laundering, and cyberstalking.

Enthusiastic and innocent young people are widely targeted by cybercriminals. Plenty of young people questioned answered that their pictures and information are shared by them on online platforms. Talking to known individuals and uploading personal information, may result in victims of cybercrime or participating in bad practices such as harassment. Many of the hackers are teens, industry rivals, former boyfriends or partners, hackers, political activists, etc. Bullets are substituted for bytes. The Internet gives criminals the chance to avenge people for disingenuous reasons and for making black money. Pakistan appears to be one of the countries facing the most cybercrimes. However, laws regarding cybercrimes do not contribute to investigating cybercrimes.

A survey found that 65% of adult Internet users say they have been victims of cybercrimes. In the case of online money theft, most individuals prefer not to complain to the authorities and just notify their banks. The bulk of cyber threats are ransomware attacks or malicious attacks not directly aimed at anybody, and average citizens are less likely to be the victims. Nearly 51 percent of internet users were at some point subjected to a virus or Trojan threat. Very few Internet users faced targeted threats such as sexual abuse, web theft, phishing, bank scams, and cyber hacking. Most victims are angry and concerned, and up to 35% are even afraid.

Pakistanis pay no heed to cyber problems like cybercrimes. Most of them are busy in their daily lives. They are normally ignorant of cybercrimes tools. Pakistan plays no part in cyber protection. While the FIA and other agencies do their utmost to deal with these conditions, however, things are still out of control. At least certain aspects of social networking in Pakistan should not be tolerated to minimize cybercrime victimization.

Social Media as a Significant Way in Compromising Privacy:

Privacy means something that is not public and related to individual characteristics. It varies from individual to individual. It not only falls under the umbrella of human rights but also gives personal anatomy, so; it should be protected under some rules and regulations. According to Neethling, privacy refers to the entirety of facts and information which applies to a person in a state of isolation. Privacy ensures the protection of personal information, communication, and possessions. Private information remains private until someone is willing to express it, but in the age of technology, people willingly give their data for easy access. Every social media platform, demands some sort of personal information, without which a person remains unable to use the platform for instance Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat.

The technologically processed data becomes a source of insecurity. The inspection of personal data and emails is working against the morality and ethics of human beings. At the start, personal emails are used for the working process, but now, they serve the function of private communication. The emails are also used in accessing social media platforms, and if someone unconsciously visited the wrong website or link, then the spam emails start working. In this way, people are compromising their privacy in the technological world.

Social media has not only affected the individual’s private, moral, and social life but has also given red signals to global workers like info-technicians. Entrepreneurs are most likely to sell the private information of someone for the sake of money. In this way, cybercrimes flourished.

Role of Social Media in Promoting Islamophobia:

The demonization process offers an incentive to establish inaccurate perceptions about individuals who are culturally and ethnically different. So, racism is formulated, which in general is a broad type of segregation, encompassing social, cultural, and intellectual aspects that annul the heterogeneity and plurality of culture, class, or ethnic group, Islamophobia, which is a representation of disrespect to people who profess Islam or who come from countries where Islam is professed. Social media leads to freedom of speech, which allows users to experience and voice their thoughts.

Unfortunately, some people exploit this and submit derogatory statements that may affect people adversely. The negative consequence of freedom of speech is the number of hateful messages exchanged by unconscious individuals. Putri et al. state hatred speech are any means of offensive communication, undervaluing, and degrading for an individual or group of people. It can be seen, that Islamophobia is triggered by the effects of dehumanization and hatred on social media.

For several decades, Pakistan has become a target of terrorism. The main factors behind the possibility of terrorism are believed to be extremism and radicalism. Social media is commonly used to disperse hate speech and misinformation that perturbs attempts to curb racism and terrorism. Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) of the Pakistan Army maintains official social media pages to educate and update the general public about military intelligence. Nevertheless, false news content is distributed in the name of ISPR, often by false accounts. Several false alerts, danger warnings, and emergency calls were distributed recently after a suicide bombing in the region, linking these with the ISPR. These false attacks and alarms have spread fear across the nation. High ministry officials also claim that the “negative role” of social media, including military services in the form of misinformation, impacts the “war on terror” and decreases security forces’ morality.

Social Media Concerning Psychological Health:

Social media plays a vital role in promoting mental health issues. In a study, 13 percent of 12-17-year-olds experience depression, and 32 percent report anxiety; hence, a mental disease is a problem for teenage health. It is a problem for young adults as well, since 25 percent of 18-25-year-olds report undergoing a certain type of mental disorder. Depression is especially growing among females. Some studies have indicated that this spike in mental illness is, at least partially, related to the growth in social media use by teens and young adults.

Excessive use of social media significantly affects sleep, which results in anxiety and depression. The use of social media during the night affects sleep in several ways as individuals keep using social devices till late so the light can affect the circadian system.

Young people report using social media during the nighttime, even though it affects their sleep. They are afraid that if they do not use their phone at night, they will neglect potential social online connections that youth think will adversely affect their social interactions. Teenagers often report that they want their friends to be online and accessible at night. There is a social norm to reply quickly to messages and they do not want to breach this law by sleeping past their messages. Many teens admit to sleeping on their mobiles and continuously monitoring them at night.

In reality, teenagers and young adults frequently think about what they call FOMO, which is anxiety about missing experiences. Social media can exacerbate FOMO emotions; for instance, when someone sees pictures from a party to which they were not invited. Adolescents are especially vulnerable to the possible harmful effects of social media as their growth relies on social connectivity. Social network browsing can lead to FOMO and a sense of isolation can lead to depressive feelings.

Social Media Leading Family Culture Towards Demolition:

In this contemporary world, online correspondence has become more preferential and more prevalent than face-to-face encounters. Different cultures have therefore shown apprehensions that digital media connections have distracted people from spending time with their families and close relationships. New media innovations have provided a forum for the growth of peer culture among young people; however, they have eroded the culture of the home. In today’s world, young people tend to spend a lot of time with their peers online. They are followed by cyber mates and though they are with their families. This is the case for Pakistani teens, who choose cyber world accounts online. It is also stated that unnecessary online experiences drive people away from their family and relationships in real life. Mobile phones have brought new habits, both in rural and urban areas that have eaten up the time and energy traditionally allocated to families and intimate relationships.

Conclusion:

It can be concluded that though social media has positive effects, negative effects are along with them which can leave a permanent mark on an individual’s life. Lack of social media awareness regarding its negative effects is leading Pakistani youth to a point where there is no comeback. Social media is playing an important part in exploiting youth and directing them towards mental and psychological issues. Moreover, the media is creating a void between children and parents, where children avoid sharing their issues with their parents instead of posting their problems online, or sharing with an unknown person to get suggestions, which usually results in blackmailing and abuse. In addition, the media is significant in raising new ways of identifying crimes and where criminals cannot be tracked. Considering the above discussion, it would not be wrong if we say that the excessive use of social media is creating a threat to the future of our young generation.

References
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2022-08-10 10:26:33

Introduction

America, which is now the democratic and richest country, somewhere in in past, had poor social, economic, and political conditions. So, people decided to manage and make their future worthwhile. In 1873, when Engel reached Philadelphia, he was positive about his life. He was frustrated because of his German lifestyle, so he immigrated and planned to secure his future. But very soon, by staying there, he found the opposite. There were several reasons due to the working-class population was suffering also in America. The labor class was treated badly by not giving them proper equipment for work. Poor people miserably search for food on roads, streets, and by the plenty of trash whenever they felt hungry. He claimed the American elites had all the power: they “gamed” the system so that the working class was impoverished and powerless. For this reason, realizes George Engel realized that America’s economic, political and judicial system would ruin the working class, and he decided to become a socialist.

Discussion

George left Germany and decided to immigrate to America. It had become impossible for him to progress there by the labor of his hands because of the peak of industrialization in Germany. The machinery ruined the smaller craftsmen and made the outlook appear very dark. With that background, Engel believed that, if he immigrated to the United States, it would treat him fairly and reward him for hard work. As he said, “On the occasion of my arrival at Philadelphia, on the 8th of January, 1873, my heart swelled with joy in the hope and in the belief that in the future I would live among free men and in a free country”.

While staying in Germany, he could not manage in the country due to the poor conditions of the worker. They were out of their rights. They didn’t get proper working equipment, or special services, even if they didn’t have the right to speak against the authorities. On the other hand, the high elite forces were given all rights because they were in their favor and worked according to their rules. When workers try to maintain their rights, their cruelty is smashed and then no one can claim they’re lost in front of anyone. He was hopeful and energetic to move and get maximum benefits and safety for the future by becoming a fruitful asset to society. He believed that the United States treated the workers and gave them proper rights, but he soon realized that he was wrong; the conditions were not sustained in America, too, for the workers. These basic reasons thrive to move him to become a Socialist/Anarchist.

Engel was mistreated because of the economic hardship, political corruption, and judicial bias he suffered, so, he instantly realized that economic, political, and judicial movements were faked and corrupted when he entered an apolitical party by joining him. He changed his thoughts and concluded that it was pretty similar either to living in America or Germany because there were no differences in the conditions of the workers in both countries. He considered that it was all due to the corrupted and polluted political, and social conditions of America.

As well as, it was also clear that no fruitful results could be seen shortly even after putting many hardships about bringing change in the society, about feeding and choosing the leader of their choice due to the corruption in the voting system and many other cruel divisions between the elite class and worker class. Workers’ lives and their working hours were miserable. Even the judicial class was considered a high class. They were not elected by the people or by merit, but with the help of money and power. His heart bled by saying that they had no right to make laws for us because they were not elected by the people.

These were the reasons why he lost all respect for American laws. He also observed that the developer for the country or society was selected by the force, and if anyone claims any point, he also faces a cruel attitude and must be punished for his actions. There was the order of murdering the worker who argues and claims any issue. This condition was a hurdle in the development of the working class and these conditions were developing many psychological, social, and moral problems in society. The authority (leaders) claims that the workers were selected for work, not for decision-making.

The entire worker cannot claim their right. On the other hand, there were forces classes who had all the rights because they were working in the favor of the government. All of these conditions pushed Engel to become a Socialist/Anarchist. After becoming the voice for the rights of the workers in strikes, he was under arrest by the forces because they didn’t like his activities, which could bring a loss for the government. These forces also were selected by corruption and by the power of money; which was the reason which could not bring change in the decision of the country. Here he also faces discrimination by the group of the jury due to being a worker not for the blame that they put on him.

Because of this unfair and disappointing behavior, he joined the International Working People’s Association, which was just being organized to support Socialism/Anarchism. George joined socialism because it directly challenges the meta-narrative of capitalism. According to George, the leaders at Washington were corrupted, and they have been elected with the aid of their money, rather than by the people’s choice. So, they have no right to make laws for people. On the other side, Socialism is a political-economic ideology that promises to make society equal for everyone. Socialism determined that the workingman could free himself from the tyranny of capitalism only through economic ideologies.

George supports his argument with the example of history, as he quotes “People can see from the history of this country that the first colonists won their liberty only through force. through force, slavery was abolished, and just as the man who agitated against slavery in this country, had to ascend the gallows, so also must we” he believed that Social anarchism sees individual freedom and emphasizes social equality. Socialism accomplishes the balance of freedom of speech which is disordered by the elite class. That was also the wish of Engel and their opinion. But it became his conviction when he mentioned the wickedness of the capitalist conditions of that day.

Conclusion

Engel immigrated to the U. S with the dream that his life would be better. He expected that he would find a decent job which he had left because of industrialization in Germany. He plans to live a respectable life, vote in fair elections, and be treated justly by the judicial system. Nonetheless, after his immigration what he founds was not much different than what he had experienced already in his own country. He could not manage to find a decent job. Workers’ lives were complicated. He, and other workers, were forced to live in poverty. Leaders were corrupted and selected with the aid of money, so voting didn’t matter. Because of poor justice and a rigged system, he was eventually caught up in an unproven crime., in this pathetic condition, George Engel, Condemned Haymarket Anarchist and Corruption in Late Nineteenth-Century America. Finally, he converted to Socialism where they could create a just world, in which the wealth of people would be divided equally, and have true democracy.
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2022-08-11 10:19:38

Introduction

With various technological advancements taking place globally, online learning in the educational sector is quite inevitable. Despite its few advantages, like conferring student flexibility and allowing learning to take place at learners’ pace, online learning has various advantages that are attributed to it. Some of these disadvantages include: it weakens the student-teacher relationship, it is expensive, there is limited student feedback, it is theory-oriented rather than practical oriented, it requires people who are good time managers and self-motivated, and computer illiterate people cannot access online learning, it lacks quality assurance and accreditation, and exam cheating is hard to control. Unlike classroom teaching, online learning provides limited room for immediate feedback.

Discussion

In the traditional classroom setting, there was face-to-face interaction which created room for immediate feedback. Learners experiencing curriculum problems would resolve them directly and quickly, either during lecture hours or during the set consultation hours. The teacher was able to quickly identify and correct learners’ misconceptions. However, with online learning, there is little or no feedback at all. This causes dissatisfaction among learners, especially those having regular assessments. Immediate feedback is also limited due to poor internet connections in some areas and this lowers the efficiency of online learning.

Online teachers focus mainly on theory with the least concern for practical work. This is since theoretical classes can easily be implemented on online learning platforms than practical classes. For effective practical lessons, learners should actively participate by doing the practice under the guidance of the teacher. Online practical lessons are thus expensive to implement and most of them are limited to teacher demonstrations which are less effective than real practical lessons.

Online learning could also lead to social isolation. The methods utilized in online learning can make the students undergo remoteness and contemplation. Due to the absence of human communication, teachers and learners who dedicate much time to online learning may experience social isolation signs. In traditional classrooms, there was active interaction among teachers and learners and cases of social isolation where isolation was rare. Social isolation leads to boredom, lack of concentration, anxiety, and even stress, which hinders E-learning effectiveness. Despite the above shortcomings, online learning has some advantages attributed to it.

Online learning is efficient. Online learning provides various learning resources such as charts, PDFs, and videos that can be used for effective teaching and learning. Learning resources in traditional learning were limited to textbooks, specimens, and charts. However, with online learning, the teacher is provided with a wide range of resources that enable them to become efficient educators.

The efficiency of a learning resource depends on its effectiveness in delivering the intended information. It is therefore difficult to assess the effectiveness of these resources since there is limited room for immediate feedback in online learning. some of the online resources are from untrusted sources and they contain misguided information which creates misconceptions among students.

Online learning is cheap. This is because, with online learning, real estate, meals, and transportation expenses are cut down. Besides, learning resources are available on the internet, and this creates a paperless teaching-learning environment.

Although online learning cuts down on various costs, it requires computers and smartphones that are expensive to purchase. The computers require power availability which is not available in some regions, especially in third world countries. Students can attend online classes from locations of their choice and this reduces the chances of absenteeism. Online learning requires learners to focus on a computer monitor for a length of time. This challenges many students and they lose concentration, sleep or engage in other activities.

Conclusion

Online learning has several shortcomings whose solutions must be provided for it to be efficient. Some of the disadvantages include resulting in social isolation; it has limited feedback, and it is theory-oriented.

REFERENCESGautam, P. (2020, October 9). Advantages and disadvantages of online learning. Retrieved from https://elearningindustry.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-online-learning
Norman, S. (2020, April 22). 5 advantages of online learning: education without leaving home. Retrieved from https://elearningindustry.com/5-advantages-of-online-learning-education-without-leaving-home
Tamm, S. (2019, December 21). Disadvantages of E-learning. Retrieved from https://e-student.org/disadvantages-of-e-learning/
Tom. (2019, May 1). 5 disadvantages to consider about online education. Retrieved from https://www.petersons.com/blog/5-disadvantages-to-consider-about-online-education/

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2022-09-08 10:05:18

Introduction.

In the article” A word in your ear… why the rise of audiobooks is a story worth celebrating” the author Alex Preston emphasized the increasing trend of listening to audiobooks. According to the author, listening to audiobooks was not his priority even until 2020, but now it has occupied a prominent place on the list of his most important things to do. This all happens because of COVID-19, as he described that the first thing he did when he went through the Covid-19 journey in Early April – was to draw the blinds and put on an audiobook ( Preston, 20).

Finely, To support his argument, why the rise of audiobooks is a story worth celebrating “writer has used many research and interviews such as quoted the interview, Duncan Honeyman, a key player in the firm’s audiobook strategy and senior commissioning editor at Penguin Random House. He asked him by sharing his thoughts that audiobooks had done so well during the lockdown. Duncan points out “human connection at a time when a lot of people are feeling isolated from one another.”

Context and rhetorical proposal.

“A word in your ear… why the rise of audiobooks is a story worth celebrating ” is an informational article written by Alex Preston an award-winning author and journalist. This type of article usually fits into an informational and educational genre setting. The main objective of this article seems to be to celebrate and market the more use of audio as the title of the article is, why the rise of audiobooks is a story worth celebrating.

Layout & Organizations.

The text is organized in paragraph format without any particular heading or subsection. There is no abstract introduction and conclusion. Although for the methodologies section writer has introduced the technological techniques and in place of the literature review writer has used different past Studies and different stats, facts, and research to prove his argument. The article starts with a beautiful portrait. The whole article consists of around 14th paragraphs; some of them are short and some are long paragraphs. There is no particular use of heading and subheading.

Language.

The author has used formal and academic language with an informative and educated tone. The study employs a third-person use most of the time. We can also find the use of personal pronouns which shows that the author has shared personal experiences. The vocabulary of the article is easy and common, so an average reader can read it without any particular dictionary.

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2022-09-07 15:08:07

Abstract

Rebecca and her colleagues (2006) experimented on the topic of Naps Promote Abstraction in Language-Learning Infants. The researcher claims that after sleep the memory and learning process effectively increases. An experimental study was designed on children who were in the speech and language learning stage. Participants were 15 months old male and female children. Different types of words were used with the first 3 and last 3 words of a thing without making their sense and meaning. There were two groups of participants. One group of children was allowed to sleep at their usual time and the other was a control group that couldn’t sleep after listening to the recorded sound by an instrument. Results indicated that the group who did not allow sleeping had a poor memory, and children who slept before memorization and memorized after sleep showed great learning ability and memory in language.

Introduction

Stickgold and Walker (2005) claim that the learning process of humans increases after a nap. It boasts features of intelligence and overview. It brings clear results which can be seen in numerical form. A lot of research has been done on the nap system of children, but few only know and have knowledge about the blessings of sleep and their effect on intellectual abilities. Some of the research is based on sleep and after-sleep roles and their effect on the intellectual growth of children (Gertner et al., 2002). This pattern is also associated with the mental growth of the other organisms.

In this study, all of these researchers explain that sleep has a crucial role in human life and plays an important function in memory and learning. These were the research of children, and in adult research, the nap has an important role in learning by seeing like the nap of twenty-four hours (Mednick, Nakayama, & Stickgold, 2003). Nonetheless. It is lacking in the present literature that there are few pieces of evidence on adults’ sleep and their rule in learning and memory. Researchers should study the main topic by doing a comparison of before and after sleep effects on individuals. The sleep of young people is considered a booster for intelligence and reforms intellectual abilities (Walker et al., 2003).

Summary

This study explains and talks about several experiments which prove the main argument of the study. The children, whose age was fifteen months, were taken for the experiment; these children had low numbers of language signs but they could learn rapidly which was assessed by their other sensational process (Gerken, 2005). They provide the material to the children in a specific manner. Through these manners, they become familiar and learn the words. By this method, children start learning rapidly (Go´mez & Gerken, 2000; Saffran, 2003). The specific sequence was made of words by showing their first three and last three letters. They made two categories of groups. And each group has to listen to two types of sets of language and has to make the association among them. Both of these series were not related to each other. The first group of sounds has words like ‘people started and its final word is ‘juice; on the other hand, the second list of words starting with (pel predicted rud, and vot predicted JIC). They revealed that if the children have sleep time before and after learning then the process of gaining things becomes more clear and stays strong.

In the present study, the population was selected as little children who had the age of 15 months, which means that the population was taken who was in the process of learning the language skills. Children belong to an easily approachable society. Forty-eight children were taken at the start of the experiment. Which were further divided into three groups for conducting the study and applying all the plans. Their groups were named sleep groups, without sleep groups and the last one was treated as the control group. Participants in a group with no sleep were not taken away by sleep but they were set up at that time when sleep was not expected. On the other hand, the children who belong to the sleep group were designed at a time when sleep occurs in the middle of the experiment’s condition. The third group, which was treated as the control group was used to remove and minimize the chances of learning. That is, it is caused by sleep.

They also sleep before and after the experiment, but like other groups, they did not have a large group of language and words. Here some participants left the experiment due to the poor conditions and were not participating, which disturbed the overall environment of the experiment. So the remaining were 8 females and 8 males who were treated by the comparison of the experimental group. The experimental group has 15 people which also left due to some reasons.

Sleep was planned or an experiment was conducted on the individuals on that time when there is sleep time and students have to complete the first phase of listening to the words and after awaking and passing the four hours, they gave a test which means that they told to the examiner what they have memorized with a specific way. Every individual who cannot learn something cannot participate in the experiment anymore. In this way, the 8 participants from the no-sleep group were excluded as per the requirements of the experiment. If the participants sleep in the first phase of listening to the words, they are also considered excluded. Some of the parents interrupted the experiment, so the participants also left the study. Similarly, due to the sensitivity of the experiment and the poor availability of the children, all the children were assessed only in one day.

There was a form of the language tool kit in which pel-X-jic and vot- X-rud were found in one group and other groups A, and pel-X-rud and not-X-jic were found in the second group. There were two types of terms in the group, so two types of lists were used for the children. For the experimental group these words like Vadim, Kacey, user engle Cuomo log, a goble ta spu hitam deesha Ramey skier Benz gensic, fee nam lae ,,,,,,,,,,,,jeen, chila, Roosa, plates, blip, missing, celeb, bilbo, and waffle were used. For the control group, Vadim, Kacey, and the user were used. Some children can learn list A and some of them can learn the list b.

All the sounds were produced by the tape recorder in the female sound version. A list of group a and a list of group b were produced in clear pronunciations. There were little pauses in their words. The participants who had sleep and those who did not have sleep showed 24 words with accuracy. And they listen to these 48 words 5 times related.
This experiment was conducted in the homes of the participants. Each participant was treated at their home. The experimenter put a MiniMItter Act watch with a memory chip to record the activities of a child. Actigraphy is now considered a reliable source of recording the napping activities of individuals (Carskadon, 1995).

Parents were found to check the other activities of the children during their sleep to make a log record to compare them later. But less discrepancy can be seen in the records. Sounds were listened to by the participants at their houses for 15 minutes in the place where the child plays easily through the tape recorder in a female version. After this procedure, every participant was measured by the specific method of the head-turn technique (Kemler et al. (1995).

The child was assessed right after the 4 years and he was assessed by sitting in the lap of the mother. On both sides of the face, some lights were in an off mood. When the audio speaks the lights become moved slightly; this caught the attention of the individual. The individual listens to and responds to the sounds by sitting on her or his mother’s lap, and speakers take his sound and computer system thus recording their activities and behavior. There is also an observer who looks from the outside of the liberatory. Similarly, the whole procedure was applied to all the participants and everything was recorded and maintained for further study.

Discussion

I agree with the findings of the study that there was no difference seen in the participants in language and gender. All the demographic data were equally divided and the results were interpreted accordingly. The participants who had no sleep period showed that they have knowledge of the familiar words which they have listened to, and they don’t focus on the unfamiliar words which they have not heard before. On the other hand, the individuals who have a sleep period show abstraction which means that they learn new words and memorize them and have some significant relationship of firstly, listening and secondly listened words.

We came to know that the first trial period was large as compared to the second time when the sounds were presented to the participants. This means that sleep has a greater effect on learning. But there was no significant difference between the sounds; those which were already heard by the children, and which they heard the first time. Overall results indicated that the group who did not allow sleeping had a poor memory, and children who sleep before memorization and memorized after sleep showed great learning ability and memory in the language.

I have found that experimental studies have high control, so possibly some results could be exaggerated or underestimated. In the same way, in the study design, artificial liberatory settings were arranged which can confuse the children and their poor attention can be a cause of the environment.

Many errors like extraneous variables have not been included and accepted in the study due to the highly organized and expensive study conducted. Furthermore, it cannot be generalized to all populations due to environmental, cultural, and familial limitations.

Although the permission was taken by the parents, there was an interruption from the parents, and the poor behavior of the children makes the study difficult. Same as We also come to know through experiments that many participants left the study within the study which has a bad impact. Also, the Child was assessed only once time, maybe that time, they faced some internal issues which the researcher cannot assess easily.

Suggestions: My point of view on the study

According to me, the experiment should be conducted at reliable places where the children can enjoy the experiment process so that we can get the best results from the research. I believe the findings of this research cannot be implanted in children who have an inconsistent pattern of sleep. So, this area should be explored: more aspects of language and speech should be explored.

We are supposed to think about gender differences and these should be found in the research. Same It would be explored more on cultural biases.

A comparative study should be conducted on the children with the trial of no sleep to make the comparison of the other group members. Add to this, a repeated measure design should be used to make the measurements more accurate.

Intellectual abilities should be considered along with memory and learning. Along with that, the age range should be increased as children learn more attractive and meaningful things as compared to nonmeaning data.

Conclusion

An experimental study was conducted on fifteen-month-old children to check the Relationship between Napping and Abstraction in Language-Learning Infants. The whole procedure of one day was conducted in the houses of children before their sleep time and after sleep. Participants were also assessed in liberatory settings by putting on lights and computer systems to assess them. Indicated that the group who did not allow sleeping had a poor memory, and children who sleep before memorization and showed results after sleep show great learning ability and memory in language. Although it was a unique study and is a beneficial exploration in the field of psychology, there still are some limitations and suggestions to improve the study and make things more profound for future learners and researchers.

Reference

Gómez, R. L., Bootzin, R. R., & Nadel, L. (2006). Naps Promote Abstraction in Language-Learning Infants. Psychological Science, 17(8), 670–674.
Saffran, J. (2003). Statistical language learning: Mechanisms and constraints. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 110– 114
Walker, M., Brakefield, T., Hobson, J., & Stickgold, R. (2003). Dissoand language acquisition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 178– cable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidation.
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2022-09-07 14:46:53

A rhetorical analysis of President John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Speech

Analysis

Johnson F. Kennedy was selected in 1935 as the 35th president of the United State. At the start of the first speech, he used logos by saying that he wanted to see the “The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globe, the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but the hand of God”. By the use of parallelism he stated that “we observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change”.
He used rhetorical devices names as parallelism and claimed that “Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty”. For making his speech more effective, he continually used rhetorical devices throughout the speech.

By the use of Chiasmus rhetorical device he spokes that “To those people in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required–not because the communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right.If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.”

By adding the pathos he explained that “To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support–to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective–to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak–and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.” He parallelly used the Rhetorical Devices as pathos as stated that “Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.

We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.” “In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course. Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty.

Now the trumpet summons us again–not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need–not as a call to battle, though embattled we are– but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation -a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself” was delivered with the use of ethos which makes the statements of the speech more attractive and effective.

 
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2022-09-07 14:39:09

Introduction

Any social issue, especially religion, is a complex phenomenon that always remains unsolved and as an open-ended argument. In literature, we have many critics, who have done effective literary criticism on different social issues. On the long list of those scholars, there are also names Martin Luther King and David Cameron, whose are considered towering figures of their time. Martin Luther openly denies the abuse of power by the Roman Church and considers the teaching of the Bible to be the final verdict of a believer’s life rather than any other agenda-based institute. In contrast, David is more inclined to believe in the eternally divided conscience of a human to differentiate between right and wrong without Divine intervention.

In this particular essay, I am going to write an argumentative essay, in which I am supposed to write an analysis of David Cameron’s argument from Martin Luther’s perspective. Note: here the pronoun “I“stand for Martin Luther and “HE” for David Cameron

.
Philosophy of Martin Luther king

Discussion

“As I walk around the streets of my beloved land, I always stuck in the thoughts of a time that when justice will reign among all communities, apart from the small or large and black or white.”(Martin Luther King) Martin Luther King is considered the father of the “Black Lives Matter” movement which has gained more momentum with each passing decade as the representation of African Americans. Every African American considers him to be a revered advocate of his rights as he fervently opposed the ideals in which racist scrutiny was established. He took the religious scriptures’ true meaning and detailed all his preaching on the salvation of the human race based on the authority of the Bible alone, which doesn’t discriminate against people based on the color of their skin, caste, creed, or any social upstanding gained by financial greatness. He devoted his life to the reformation of society on the principle of segregation and freedom from oppression of any kind.

Yes, indeed, I did begin my journey as a reformist and civil rights advocate as a mere ordinary monk. I actively fought against the shackles of racism in the discrimination of African Americans, particularly in the USA, while preaching the use of no violence in his protests and publications. My non-violent civil rights movement paved the way for ending racial segregation. My famed speech “I Have a Dream” and my famous work “95 Thesis” greatly concocted his vision for equality and still echoes in the highest righteous movements of today. I was the biggest advocate of ending oppression without violence until my death. My ideology remains alive even today. Such was the impact of my vigorous efforts.

On the other hand, there’s a politician named David Cameron who is living in the posh area of his luxurious residency. He is imagining the world in black and white together, considering that all populations receive resources and opportunities alike. Hence, his approach to life is completely different and regards his life standard as an entitled luxury which the lower castes, creed, and ethnicities do not deserve on the merit of their supposed intellectual regression as the sole purpose of their creation is to serve the higher echelons of society like themselves.

My theory of reform in religion mainly deals with one main perspective that I deny the abuse of power by the Roman Church; I do firmly believe that the notion of human interference and reliability for their salvation or a greater good is an extremely worthwhile concept. According to the teachings of King, man’s eternal good faith would let him strive in the attainment of the mortal good deeds to erase his bad ones. However, David is more inclined to believe in the eternally divided conscience of a human, to differentiate between right and wrong without Divine intervention.

The Roman Catholic Church has begun to wake up to the fervent shuddering of its principality at the hands of revolutionaries like us who are challenging the absolute authority of the Church over Christianity and the questionable treatment of its subjects. In other words, Counter-Reformation began as the expedition to reclaim the areas which had been changed during the Protestant Reformation. This movement sheds clear light on Protestant ideology and division about the role of Pope and Saints. Its main objectives were to be more inclusive by removing the grievances of its followers and ultimately making them more loyal.
On the other hand, the notions of political characters like DaviDavid, are resolute to include religion to their convenience. The church responded to the reformation movement rather quickly and at a rapid pace. It served to further solidify its base approach to the loyalists and then made attempts to embrace back the reformers who had taken charge against the church teachings in various ways.

Conclusion

Summing up, it is hard to say. The Roman Church was under great scrutiny and devised several ways to deal with the insurgency rising above during the Reformation period. They further took their cause to the next level when the heretics paid no heed to the implications of acceptance against the folds of the pop’s authority and ignored the constant warnings. . The execution of John Huss is an example of their seriousness towards their Catholic Reformation. Martin Luther King has been a part of various warnings where he took part in defending himself on his own during numerous Church hearings. They were then put on trial and even hanged in pursuit of drastic measures to teach the religious heretics a lesson resulting in their defiance of Church authority.

Reference

McKnight, Gerald D. (1998). “‘The Poor People Are Coming!’ ‘The Poor People Are Coming!'”.

The last crusade: Martin Luther King Jr., the FBI, and the poor people’s campaign. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3384-9.
^ Engler, Mark (January 15, 2010).

“Dr. Martin Luther King’s Economics: Through Jobs, Freedom”. The Nation. Archived from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2012.

^ “1,300 Members Participate in Memphis Garbage Strike”. AFSCME. February 1968. Archived from the original on November 2, 2006. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
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2022-09-07 14:26:01

Introduction

It is the responsibility of an entrepreneur to think differently in order to be successful, but without ignoring the high risk of being wrong. Here you have to Zachary; you have to think differently; you have to be confident. This is how Mary Barra is one of the world’s most popular executives at General Motors. Barra believes, that if someone is going to be an entrepreneur, it means s/he is going to do something that he loves the most, as might there be some dark days. This reflection paper discusses the Leadership Next, Mary Barra CEO General Motors

Discussion

Marry Barra represents a new style of leading. This podcast starts with Ellen (an interviewer for the podcast) asking Marry Barra about her strong public statement over the George Floyd killing. She speaks in words emanating from the heart that she personally felt very sad about all and felt the need for action, and needed to do more, with a sense of urgency.”

Statics stated that it was the emerging and difficult time for the AusIndustry when Marry Bara became CEO of the general motor was considered that Marry will face the no-win situation, or what we call in professional term the ‘glass cliff’, but she proved all supposed wrong and claimed herself a fixture on ForFortune’d counted her name in the list of the Most Powerful Women in the business world as a great leader. She earned $21.9 million in 2018 by investing in electric vehicle rideshare services (Maven), and self-driving care since 2014.

The second half of the podcast consists of Colvin’s praise words for Marry. I agree with his words, as according to him the change she has formed in the GM’s culture is astonishing, and we can portray her as a valuable example for any leader who is looking for good luck in their company. She expresses her view that a leader should be a good listener and instead of directly singing or disagreeing with he/his team, she should channel everyone’s energy to make some fairly obvious decisions.

Contemplation from the podcast

She keeps it honest and keeps it simple: The thing I like most is her remarkably honest being with GM staff.  She always has had only one mission “No crappier car “towards all engineers and designers. Honesty is really the best policy in any deal and plays a critical role in organizations’ short-term and long-term success. I like the idea of Mary that considers trust as the most important strategy that creates interaction between managers and employees.

She always makes it about the company and the customer: Barra was focused on her present with all her attention and her full success was directly related to GM. As she said, “My all effort is always about winning customers one at a time.” That’s factual, for a CEO, it’s obligatory to work by heart.
She uses kinetic energy to mobilize people: She is smart enough to mobilize people with the use of kinetic energy. She never disagrees with the team, but the team lets them by their own obvious decisions so that they become fully responsible and accountable for their deeds.

Conclusion

Marry is ride or die when it comes to General Motors as she started working for GM for the college tuition fees at the age of 18 and in 2014 Bara’s appointment as chief executive with a lifelong career. Good management is about providing resources to employees to accomplish their tasks and about the power of motivation to mobilize their employees. This is what Marry Bara has talked about in that particular podcast.
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2022-08-10 13:47:19

Introduction

Nowadays, criminal justice is a popular theme not only in news media but also in entertainment media such as Netflix. Netflix media understand this societal fascination with violence and murder. They exploit this obsession through excessive coverage of murder and murderers. Through this coverage, people get to know these killers and become familiar with their lives and ways of thinking. Serial killers not only become stars but to some people, they become kind of heroes. Most serial killers start their lives as unknowns, but through their crimes, they become superstars, known throughout the country. Such as we see in the Netflix series “Dexter and 13 reasons why” On the other side, it is proven that media shape people’s understanding of their world and societal values. So, this is how crime and justice issues are framed and can legitimize corruption in a society.

Questions based on previous background information:

1. What should be the ultimate definition of a hero?
2. How can we define criminals?
3. What is the role of the media? 
4. What is the impact of media on today’s society? 
5. What is the ideology of the media? 
6. Why media present the criminal as the hero? 
7. Is it okay to do the wrong action with the right motive? 
8. Influence of media on society? 
9. What are media criminalities and potentially distorted social construction of crime?

Working thesis: 

The role of media in misrepresenting the definition of heroes is critical, as we see in the Netflix killers series. They present some monstrous characters in their series, which badly impact the psychological condition of the people;  Further, it has become the reason for disarray in society and even has changed the definition of the bad and good.  

So, I argue if the media messages influence society, then there is a need to understand how and why these messages are constructed, and what type of psychological roles these messages play in our society. Here needs to investigate and supervise every series and serial on Netflix effectively. This thesis will examine how Netflix creates notions of reality and what messages they want to give us through killers serial such as Dexter and 13 reasons why.

Background knowledge:

Today, everyone is curious to know about the hidden role of the media, at the same I have also curious about the ideology of the media. I want to know how they brainwash the mind of the people and lead their ideology. According to Kam keelson reports, not only teens, and children but even adults are being impacted by the “Netflix Effect.”  People idealized the person who had idealized in the different series on Netflix. It is figured out that the Netflix coverage fuels serial killers to continue killing. 

 The reason is a desire for fame and the desire to become a story.  Serial killers find the chance to be their stories known, and they know that the mass media is the best outlet to use to achieve these goals.  Some killers even send letters to the media to the public their stories through them, it is amazing to know that In the case of Jack the Ripper, reported by Seltzer, “They received a series of more than 300 letters mailed to the London press, those were unauthorized and unknown signed Jack the Ripper. 

Significance:

It is imperative to know about the agenda of every type of media so that a common man could not impress by the motive present in the media openly. I believe that after this research, I will learn why entertainment media such as Netflix represent killers and criminals as heroes. The outcomes and reasons will give new to the critical reader, my classmates, and the instructor.

Methodology:

1. Keywords research:  Keywords for my study will be the following: Media impact, criminals as heroes, Netflix impact, dexter, mind hunter, 13 reasons why society.
2. Library Research: In the research methodology, I will use a mixed approach in my study.  I will look at some books in the library that talk about the role of media study and the ideology of media study. Also, I will have a look at some books that talk about how media influence the way of thinking, and how media is forming the culture and changing the norms as I have chosen the topic of media presenting the criminals as heroes. Further, I will use the E- databases in the library to search for these keywords and have ma ore deeper sight into this topic.
3. Internet Research: I will utilize the internet as a source of my study by searching the keywords and getting all the previous research articles published on my topic. The website googlescholar.com will be the leading site I will use to search for my information. Also, I will look at some other non-academic websites to see the general perspectives on how the media is presenting criminals as heroes. 
4. Field Research: I will conduct interviews with the user of Netflix to know their perception about the aggressive aspect of how wrong they are portraying the hero’s picture.  Furthermore, I will use questionnaires as a technique for gathering information from both the lover and haters of Netflix media.

 
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2022-08-05 14:33:25

introductiion

For the current research proposal, I will be examining the use of technological
intervention for kids with dyslexia in college. The intervention was recently implemented
which provided a great chance to review its application. The interventions include
certain assertive technologies. The intervention was implemented because it helps in
saving time and overcoming some of the issues the students with dyslexia might
encounter because of their condition (e.g., slow-paced note-taking and illegible
handwriting). As I came across various people with dyslexia and witnessed their
difficulties, thus I am interested in overviewing this intervention.

The school where the initiative is being implemented is in a small town. There are around six hundred pupils currently enrolled in the school. The intervention has been implemented because the number of dyslexic kids is higher in the school as compared to neighboring schools. The consultants in the school use assertive technologies with the help of the library staff and other teachers. The use of assertive technology is on a daily basis. 

Problem Statement 

Dyslexia is a rising issue around the world. According to the NHS, one in every ten people have some sort of dyslexia. The lack of awareness about the condition is alarming. Dyslexic learners face organizational issues of all sorts, such as “time management, difficulties with new words/word-finding/ pronunciation, difficulty dealing with abbreviations, and difficulty in writing faster – untidy or incoherent writing. They also face difficulty coping with new transport routes, new building layouts, unfamiliar paperwork” (Child, & Langford, 2011). These issues faced by the students affect their educational experience. They stay behind, and might face problems in taking tests as “dyslexia affect word recognition, spelling, and decoding, and may interfere with vocabulary building and reading comprehension, according to the National Centre for Learning Disabilities” (Loop, 2020). Providing the intervention makes the students self-sufficient to some extent. It is very crucial in the professional field, as the study by Morris, & Turnbull, (2006) concluded that “The clinical setting provides a challenging environment for nursing students with dyslexia, who find personalized ways to manage their disability” (Morris and Turnbull, 2006). ] 

Indicated literature. 

Following are the resources that will clarify the policies for the implementation of assertive technologies: 

1. Policy brief: Access to assistive technology – WHO
2. Assistive Technology Stakeholder report: Researchers -August 2020 – Department of Education UK These policies will help me in understanding the right way of assessing and implementing assertive technologies. It will also shed light on the extent of the implementation of the intervention. The implementation policy of the school will additionally help in understanding the direct impact of the intervention on the students. 

The following are some of the resources from academia.  

1. Dawson, K., Antonenko, P., Lane, H., & Zhu, J. (2019). Assistive technologies to support students with dyslexia. Teaching exceptional children, 51(3), 226-239.
2. Smith, C., & Hattingh, M. J. (2020, November). Assistive Technologies for Students with Dyslexia: A Systematic Literature Review. In International Conference on Innovative Technologies and Learning (pp. 504-513). Springer, Cham.
3. Goldfus, C., & Gotesman, E. (2010). The impact of assistive technologies on the reading outcomes of college students with dyslexia. Educational Technology, 21- 25.
4. Thapliyal, M., & Ahuja, N. J. (2021). Underpinning implications of instructional strategies on assistive technology for learning disabilities: a meta-synthesis review. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 1-9.
5. El Kah, A., Zeroual, I., & Lakhouaja, A. (2021, June). An experimental study on the benefit of assistive technology for students with learning disabilities. In 2021 International Conference on Digital Age & Technological Advances for Sustainable Development (DATA) (pp. 102-108). IEEE.

Dawson et al. can provide an initial insight into the use of assertive technologies for dyslexic students. The paper is brief and can clarify how the intervention helps the students. Smith and Hattingh’s research will help in getting an overview of the literature and related findings (as it is a systemic review). Goldfus, & Gotesman’s research is old, but it is a great paper on evaluating the outcomes of assertive technologies. It can help me make the basis of my case study. The last two scholarly articles are also useful as they provide a broader view of the use of assertive technologies for students with learning disabilities. In addition, it will also help me understand the benefits of assertive technology in real life. 

 Methodology 

For my case study paper, I will use multi-methodology. Mainly, it will be a qualitative research methodology.  

The first method is qualitative which will involve the review and analysis of the material on the intervention from the school. It will help me in understanding the intervention itself. The research is a sort of secondary data research methodology. “Secondary research or desk research is a research method that involves using already existing data. Existing data is summarized and collated to increase the overall effectiveness of research” (Sileyew, 2019). Secondary data methodology is proposed because it is easy to access and has a low cost. It allows for the generation of new insights from the previous analysis. Thus, it will help me in reviewing the data and analyzing it with comparison to the data in the literature and given policies. 

 The second methodology that will be used is conducting an interview. The interview will be with one of the staff members directly involved with the implementation of the assertive interventions. Proper notice and suggestions of time will be provided to the administration. After the selection, the interview could be conducted via audio or video call. The interview will help in collecting in-depth data. it will help in analyzing the impact and benefit of the intervention directly. Thus, it will help me better examine, understand and explain the application of assertive technologies. 

 Ethical considerations 

I have already requested to gain access to the intervention and some of the school reports. In addition, I might need to make an appointment with the support teacher for some discussion. 

My study is ethical. I will not be interfering or altering the initiative in any way. There will be no direct contact with the students or the teachers. I will only have access to the 9 intervention documents. There will be no disclosure of personal information in the study. Wherever there is a need for consent, it will be asked, and a signed document will be provided. The anonymity and authenticity of the data will be maintained. 

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2022-08-05 14:26:00